ADHD Crash Course artwork

ADHD Crash Course

159 episodes - English - Latest episode: about 1 month ago - ★★★★★ - 9 ratings

This is a podcast for those of us who feel we have a lot to learn about ADHD!

My name is Donae Cannon- I'm an occupational therapist, a certified coach, a parent of more than one child with ADHD, and I have ADHD. I've been learning about ADHD for a while now, and I'm still learning new things. Welcome to the Crash Course- let's dive in... 

Mental Health Health & Fitness adhd mental health neurodivergent executive functioning occupational therapy coaching adhd coaching
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Episodes

82. A Simple & Free Emotional Regulation Tool: The Feelings Wheel

March 12, 2024 20:00 - 9 minutes - 6.7 MB

There are times that our emotions are so strong that we struggle to identify exactly what we're feeling.  There's a surprisingly simple technique that can help us understand our more complicated emotions, and in doing so, develop the skills we need to regulate these emotions!  Today we'll look at how to use the feelings wheel that was developed by Dr. Gloria Wilcox. This simple tool can help us label our more complicated emotions, regulate emotionally, and better communicate about our emot...

81. Imposter Syndrome and Neurodivergence

February 27, 2024 20:00 - 17 minutes - 11.8 MB

Imposter syndrome can make us feel like our wins are more luck than due to our skills or abilities. Even if we've spent a good deal of effort to get our outcomes, our achievements makes us feel more like a fraud than a success.   With Imposter Syndrome, our wins don't feel like wins at all; our brain tells us that they're just luck, outliers, or flukes. On today's episode of ADHD Crash Course, we'll discuss Imposter Syndrome and learn: 3 reasons why people with ADHD are more likely to exp...

80. Accessible Nutrition for ADHD: Overcoming Common Barriers (Interview with Jackie Silver)

February 13, 2024 13:00 - 27 minutes - 18.6 MB

Today I'm chatting with Jackie Silver, a Registered Dietitian/ Nutritionist who works with neurodivergent and physically disabled communities through a weight-inclusive, neurodiversity-affirming lens. We're discussing some of the common barriers that those with ADHD face when it comes to nutrition and Jackie offers her insights on strategies that help! You can reach Jackie here: Website: jackiesilvernutrition.com 

79. How Habits Go Wrong And What To Do About It

February 01, 2024 20:00 - 16 minutes - 11.5 MB

Habits can be tough! Today's episode focuses on 4 ways habits "go wrong" and what we can do about it. ***New starting Spring 2024! Clarity Coaching's ADHD Coaching Membership! For more information about the membership and updates for the launch, join the waitlist/interest list here: membership.

78. ADHD at Work: Tips for Planning & Prioritizing (Interview with Antonia Bowring)

January 16, 2024 22:00 - 27 minutes - 18.6 MB

Planning and prioritizing can be a challenge for most of us, especially at work. Professional productivity often demands a lot from our executive functioning skills! Things like breaking down big projects, coordinating with clients or coworkers, monitoring progress, or managing our schedule/ time are components of greater responsibilities that we have at work. Struggling with these can impact our performance in big ways! Today I'm interviewing Antonia Bowring, a top ranked executive coach,...

77. Trauma, ADHD, or Both?

January 03, 2024 01:00 - 29 minutes - 20.1 MB

Today we chat with Erin Vandermore, a licensed therapist, wellness coach, and the founder of Age of Uncertainty Coaching about the complicated connection between trauma and ADHD. Since ADHD and trauma can show up very similarly, it can be challenging (even for clinicians) to differentiate between the two. The fact that many of those with an ADHD diagnosis have experienced trauma around their diagnosis and/or the impact ADHD has had on their lives adds to the complexity of this topic.   Eri...

76. Big Tip For Getting "Unstuck"!

December 18, 2023 16:00 - 8 minutes - 5.84 MB

Sometimes we're just stuck. It might look like scrolling on our phones, hitting the "next episode" button on Netflix, or even just staring out the window.  What makes us "stuck" is not the activity itself; it's the fact that we want or need to move on but it feels impossible to do so. What can we do to move out of that place of stuckness to one where we can choose what we do next?  How can we get going when we feel like we're moving through quicksand? Today we'll talk about using "transi...

75. You're Not Selfish (But ADHD May Make It Look Like You Are)

December 05, 2023 17:00 - 19 minutes - 13.4 MB

Many people with ADHD  have the experience of being perceived as selfish in conversations (or even in their relationships). It can be frustrating for both the person with ADHD and their friends!  ADHD traits can negatively impact our communication and relationships; impulsivity, memory challenges, and divergent thought preference can make it harder for us to connect/ be in sync with others. In todays episode we'll discuss common ways ADHD traits impact our communication/relationship and wh...

74. The Perfect Planner for ADHD?

November 14, 2023 16:00 - 16 minutes - 11.7 MB

We are always on the hunt for the perfect planner/ time system/ organization system for ADHD! The search can be frustrating AND expensive! The most important part of any system that we choose is something that doesn't come with the planner we buy...our habits around using it! In today's episode, we'll talk about several questions you can ask yourself to find the right planner/ time system for YOU and steps you can take to ensure whatever you choose actually works to keep track of your time...

73. Obsessing About Grades Hurts Students; Do This Instead!

October 24, 2023 15:00 - 10 minutes - 7.25 MB

Although grades serve as one measure of our progress, they should NOT be the only measure! Students with executive functioning deficits (and even those without) benefit when we shift our focus from the outcome to the effort they are making. Not only does this decrease anxiety, it helps develop key EF skills like planning, prioritizing, self-monitoring, and flexible thinking. Building these skills matter more than achieving a perfect score on any one test or class.  When we overemphasize  g...

72. Working Memory Help!

October 10, 2023 15:00 - 11 minutes - 7.95 MB

Working memory can be thought of as our shortest term memory; it's the information we hold in our mind in order to get things done.  These are some common ways working memory deficits show up in our day to day lives: Having to dig a box mix out of the trash several times to re-read steps when baking Walking into a room but forgetting why you're there Forgetting a new acquaintance's name seconds after you've heard it If any of these sounds familiar, you can join us today for a discussion...

71. Is ADHD an Excuse?

September 26, 2023 19:00 - 8 minutes - 5.93 MB

Many of us have had the experience of sharing how ADHD impacts us only to be met with the response "You're using ADHD as an excuse".  How can we respond to this? Today we'll take a look at this common misconception when it comes to understanding ADHD. Our own perceptions of our "locus of control"  can make a big difference in how we respond to comments like these! 

70. Change One Word to Help Your Executive Function Skills!

September 08, 2023 16:00 - 8 minutes - 5.65 MB

There's a word swap you can use to strengthen executive function skills AND approach yourself (and others) with less judgment. Try replacing "why" with "how" in some of your questions. Example: "Why did I wait until the last minute to start this project?" "How do I decide when to start my project?" "Why is it so hard for me to make decisions?" "How  do I make decisions?" When we're frustrated, why questions can make us feel defensive. They ask us to justify our motives or reasoning.  “Ho...

70. This One Thing Can Help Your Executive Function Skills!

September 08, 2023 16:00 - 8 minutes - 5.65 MB

There's a word swap you can use to strengthen executive function skills AND approach yourself (and others) with less judgment. Try replacing "why" with "how" in some of your questions. Example: "Why did I wait until the last minute to start this project?" "How do I decide when to start my project?" "Why is it so hard for me to make decisions?" "How  do I make decisions?" When we're frustrated, why questions can make us feel defensive. They ask us to justify our motives or reasoning.  “Ho...

69. ADHD and DBT (Dialectical Behavioral Therapy)

August 28, 2023 17:00 - 13 minutes - 9.48 MB

What is DBT ( (Dialectical Behavioral Therapy)?  How is it different from CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) and how is it used to support people with ADHD? Today we'll explore the DBT approach and its components, including mindfulness, emotional regulation, interpersonal effectiveness and distress tolerance skills. 

68. My Top Tip for Overwhelm!

August 15, 2023 19:00 - 11 minutes - 8.2 MB

Why do divergent thinkers frequently deal with overwhelm? One possible reason is our tendency to see all of the things... all at once! Our brains like to make connections and that can serve us in some settings but lead to overwhelm in others. When it comes to overwhelm, this pattern of thinking can make prioritizing and decision making tough. It's harder for us to "back off" of the connections our brain has made and see/ do one thing at a time. (This focus on one thing at a time is an impor...

67. Mental Load and ADHD; Help for Exhaustion and Burn Out

August 01, 2023 19:00 - 12 minutes - 8.59 MB

Today we're talking about Mental Load, otherwise known as "invisible labor" and why understanding this concept is so important for those of us with ADHD. What is mental load? It's the cognitive labor that goes into taking care of life. It’s the “worry work”; anticipating what is needed, researching options, planning, organizing, remembering, monitoring—- all of the thought work that goes into managing homes, work, family, and social lives.  If you are not in a partnership, you carry the we...

66. Traveling Tips for Parents of Neurodivergent Children

July 15, 2023 14:00 - 26 minutes - 18.2 MB

Today we speak with Dawn Barclay, author of "Traveling Different: Vacation Strategies for Parents of the Anxious, the Inflexible, and the Neurodiverse".  Dawn shares helpful tips for how we can support our children with invisible needs like ADHD, Autism, and anxiety and enjoy creating family memories with less stress! You can connect with Dawn in the following ways: Website Twitter Facebook Instagram LinkedIn

65. Your Brain's Not Broken: Convergent Vs. Divergent Thinking (Interview with Dr. Tamara Rosier

June 20, 2023 10:00 - 46 minutes - 31.7 MB

Today we chat with Dr. Tamara Rosier, author of Your Brain's Not Broken. Dr. Rosier discusses the difference between convergent and divergent thinking and why understanding this difference can have a huge impact for those of us with ADHD! Many with ADHD prefer divergent thinking since this allows for creativity, expansion, and connection. While necessary for everyday life, tasks that fall under the convergent thinking category are often found to be boring or frustrating to those with a pref...

64. Is it Possible to Find Your Career Path with ADHD?! (Interview with Shell Mendelson)

June 05, 2023 20:00 - 42 minutes - 28.9 MB

Today we’re chatting with ADHD Career Coach and Mentor Shell Mendelson who specializes in helping those with ADHD find fulfilling and sustainable careers. She'll discuss the 7 steps she uses with her clients to help them find their perfect fit professionally! Link to Information on Shell's Masterclass

63. Learning How to Time Travel with ADHD

May 02, 2023 14:00 - 9 minutes - 6.54 MB

When I refer to "time travel" I'm talking about our ability to think about our future selves and determine what we will need at that future point. This can also refer to our habit of thinking about the past and applying what we've learned to our current circumstances. For those with ADHD, traveling through time may not be automatic, and time might be seen as "now" or "not now", but that doesn't mean we can't strengthen this skill. Use today's tips to plan for what's next and set your futur...

63. ADHD Time Hack: Learning Time Travel

May 02, 2023 14:00 - 9 minutes - 6.54 MB

When I refer to "time travel" I'm talking about our ability to think about our future selves and determine what we will need at that future point. This can also refer to our habit of thinking about the past and applying what we've learned to our current circumstances. For those with ADHD, traveling through time may not be automatic, and time might be seen as "now" or "not now", but that doesn't mean we can't strengthen this skill. Use today's tips to plan for what's next and set your futur...

62. ADHD and Working with the Thoughts-Emotions- Action Cycle

April 18, 2023 15:00 - 21 minutes - 14.7 MB

How we respond to our circumstances is driven by a cycle that we may not be aware of.  This cycle is often called different things: the cognitive triangle, the self coaching model, CBT model of emotions, and more, but analyzing each of these parts of the cycle can help us understand why we choose certain actions.  If we want to make changes in our lives, interrupting this cycle at different places can give us different results. Listen today to learn more about the thoughts-emotion- action- ...

61. Public Speaking Tips for Fast (or Frozen) Brains: Interview with Sammie Herrera

April 01, 2023 18:00 - 45 minutes - 31.2 MB

Public speaking is one of the top fears for many of us! Although we may picture  grade school book reports or motivational speakers when we think of this topic, the reality is that most of us have to speak "publicly" in some capacity in our professional ( and personal) lives! Sammie Walker Herrera is a confidence and public speaking coach (and a fellow ADHD brain) and in this interview she shares some of her top tips for helping those of us with fast (or frozen) brains become better public ...

61. Public Speaking Tips for Fast (or Frozen) Brains: Interview with Sammie Walker Herrera

April 01, 2023 18:00 - 45 minutes - 31.2 MB

Public speaking is one of the top fears for many of us! Although we may picture  grade school book reports or motivational speakers when we think of this topic, the reality is that most of us have to speak "publicly" in some capacity in our professional ( and personal) lives! Sammie Walker Herrera is a confidence and public speaking coach (and a fellow ADHD brain) and in this interview she shares some of her top tips for helping those of us with fast (or frozen) brains become better public ...

60. You're Not Lazy; You're Just Seeing Too Much

March 14, 2023 16:00 - 10 minutes - 7.54 MB

One label I often hear unfairly applied to those with ADHD is "lazy".  The reality is that what is often perceived/ interpreted as "laziness" is the shut down that comes from overwhelm. We see too much at once and that makes it hard to get started. Today we'll talk about the tendency for those of us with ADHD to see too much.  This is a common contributor to overwhelm and can result in the inability to get started on what we want to do. We'll find tools and strategies that help break the o...

59. Is Laundry Harder When You Have ADHD?

February 28, 2023 16:00 - 14 minutes - 9.88 MB

There are some "adulting" tasks that are Achilles heels for us and many people with ADHD report that laundry is one of them! Struggling with everyday tasks like this can trigger shame and self judgment, which makes it even harder to find the solutions we need to make things easier for us. Today we're going to look at why jobs like this are challenging and what we can do to make them more manageable. We'll discuss how factors like executive functioning skills, habit formation, visual distra...

58. How to Use Your Personal Values to Hack Motivation!

February 15, 2023 23:00 - 10 minutes - 7.18 MB

Identifying and leveraging our personal values is a motivation hack that often gets overlooked!  If we’re not aware of our top priorities when it comes to our values, we may miss out on a powerful tool for decision making. Learn more about how to apply information about your values to improve your motivation and gain clarity. Links for this episode: The VIA Character Strengths Survey: https://www.viacharacter.org/survey/account/Register

57. ADHD & Eating Disorders: Interview with Aleta Storch

February 07, 2023 15:00 - 32 minutes - 22.5 MB

Today I interview Aleta Storch  who is a Nutrition and ADHD coach and an expert on ADHD, Nutrition, and Intuitive Eating. Aleta offers helpful insights that her personal and professional experience had provided. She'll talk about some of the common pitfalls that we face in our relationship with food as those with ADHD and offer helpful, down to earth advice. Want to reach Aleta? website: https://www.wiseheartnutrition.com/ email: https://[email protected]

56. Ask or Guess Culture & ADHD

January 24, 2023 20:00 - 8 minutes - 5.55 MB

What is meant by "Ask Culture" and " Guess Culture"? At their core, these terms are referring to communication styles. In Ask Culture, you ask for your wants and needs directly. In turn, the answers you receive are direct and a "no" most likely doesn't need to be qualified, justified, or "softened". In Guess Culture, directly asking for what you want may be seen as pushy or even rude. The communication style of Guess Culture favors suggesting or hinting at what one wants or needs in an effo...

55. Should You Tell Your Employer About ADHD?

January 10, 2023 14:00 - 12 minutes - 8.3 MB

It's a common question for those who are diagnosed with ADHD: Should I tell my employer that I have ADHD? If so, when? How? In today's episode we'll talk about how to know whether or not to tell your employer about your ADHD diagnosis and look at how to navigate that conversation if and when you decide to do so.

55. To Tell or Not to Tell: Whether to Tell Your Employer About ADHD

January 10, 2023 14:00 - 12 minutes - 8.3 MB

It's a common question for those who are diagnosed with ADHD: Should I tell my employer that I have ADHD? If so, when? How? In today's episode we'll talk about how to know whether or not to tell your employer about your ADHD diagnosis and look at how to navigate that conversation if and when you decide to do so.

54. ADHD and College: Skills Students Need to Succeed

December 13, 2022 00:00 - 16 minutes - 11.4 MB

Many people with ADHD struggle with the transition to college. College life requires more independence and offers less structure and these changes can be difficult to navigate when you have executive functioning challenges.   Today we’ll discuss common challenges for students with ADHD and strategies that can help!

53.The Transforming Power of Flexible Thinking: Tips for ADHD Brains

November 18, 2022 20:00 - 15 minutes - 11 MB

Cognitive flexibility is an ability to adapt to new, changing, or unplanned events or to switch from one way of thinking to another. This skill is essential for learning and problem solving and it can also be impacted with ADHD.   Listen to this week's episode to learn tips for building cognitive flexibility and how we can apply this to our daily lives!

53. Cognitive Flexibility: 4 Tips for ADHD

November 18, 2022 20:00 - 15 minutes - 11 MB

Cognitive flexibility is an ability to adapt to new, changing, or unplanned events or to switch from one way of thinking to another. This skill is essential for learning and problem solving and it can also be impacted with ADHD.   Listen to this week's episode to learn tips for building cognitive flexibility and how we can apply this to our daily lives!

53. Flexible Thinking: Tips for ADHD Brains

November 18, 2022 20:00 - 15 minutes - 10.9 MB

Cognitive flexibility is an ability to adapt to new, changing, or unplanned events or to switch from one way of thinking to another. This skill is essential for learning and problem solving and it can also be impacted with ADHD.   Listen to this week's episode to learn tips for building cognitive flexibility and how we can apply this to our daily lives!

52. Why Failing is Not a Bad Thing

November 08, 2022 13:00 - 14 minutes - 10 MB

Failure is a part of life and it's an inevitable part of growth. But how can we fail better? If failure is inevitable, how can we get the most out of it? Today we'll discuss ways we can use these unpleasant outcomes to benefit us and those around us. Tune in today for a refreshing look at failure! Questions?  Please Reach Out! : https://www.theadhdclaritycoach.com/ Clarity Coaching's Free Resources Page: https://www.theadhdclaritycoach.com/general-5

52. Why Failing is Actually Good

November 08, 2022 13:00 - 14 minutes - 10 MB

Failure is a part of life and it's an inevitable part of growth. But how can we fail better? If failure is inevitable, how can we get the most out of it? Today we'll discuss ways we can use these unpleasant outcomes to benefit us and those around us. Tune in today for a refreshing look at failure! Questions?  Please Reach Out! : https://www.theadhdclaritycoach.com/ Clarity Coaching's Free Resources Page: https://www.theadhdclaritycoach.com/general-5

52. 4 Ways You Can Benefit From Failure!

November 08, 2022 13:00 - 14 minutes - 10 MB

Failure is a part of life and it's an inevitable part of growth. But how can we fail better? If failure is inevitable, how can we get the most out of it? Today we'll discuss ways we can use these unpleasant outcomes to benefit us and those around us. Tune in today for a refreshing look at failure! Questions?  Please Reach Out! : https://www.theadhdclaritycoach.com/ Clarity Coaching's Free Resources Page: https://www.theadhdclaritycoach.com/general-5

51. 3 Ways All or Nothing Thinking Hurts Us

October 25, 2022 14:00 - 11 minutes - 8.07 MB

Black and White/ All or Nothing Thinking is a common cognitive distortion and something that many people struggle with.  This thinking pattern can be particularly detrimental for people with ADHD because it can impact our motivation and limits our ability to problem solve. Join us today as we discuss how all or nothing thinking harms us and what we can do instead! Learn more about my group coaching program, Embrace Your Brain here:  Group Coaching | Clarity Coaching (theadhdclaritycoach...

51. "All or Nothing" Thinking Hurts You in These 3 Ways

October 25, 2022 14:00 - 11 minutes - 8.07 MB

Black and White/ All or Nothing Thinking is a common cognitive distortion and something that many people struggle with.  This thinking pattern can be particularly detrimental for people with ADHD because it can impact our motivation and limits our ability to problem solve. Join us today as we discuss how all or nothing thinking harms us and what we can do instead! Learn more about my group coaching program, Embrace Your Brain here:  Group Coaching | Clarity Coaching (theadhdclaritycoach...

50. ADHD and Internal Language: Help for Executive Functioning Skills

October 13, 2022 14:00 - 28 minutes - 19.4 MB

Today we have special guest Michael Mc Leod. Michael is an executive function expert and speech language pathologist. He discusses how strengthening our internal language (which includes both visual imagery and self talk) can help build essential executive functioning skills. He offers  practical tips that we can use to improve our internal language and executive functioning skills throughout the lifespan. Ways to reach Michael and Grow NOW Therapy: Instagram: @grownowadhd Website: GrowNO...

50. ADHD and Internal Language: Help for Executive Functioning Skills (Interview with Michael Mc Leod)

October 13, 2022 14:00 - 28 minutes - 19.4 MB

Today we have special guest Michael Mc Leod. Michael is an executive function expert and speech language pathologist. He discusses how strengthening our internal language (which includes both visual imagery and self talk) can help build essential executive functioning skills. He offers  practical tips that we can use to improve our internal language and executive functioning skills throughout the lifespan. Ways to reach Michael and Grow NOW Therapy: Instagram: @grownowadhd Website: GrowNO...

49. ADHD's Impact on Sexuality and Intimacy

September 29, 2022 17:00 - 39 minutes - 27.4 MB

ADHD’s impact is not limited to work and school; unsupported ADHD can have a very real impact on relationships and intimacy. Join us for this week's episode of ADHD Crash Course as we chat with sex therapist Ollie Maggi about how ADHD impacts relationships and learn tips for how to offset that impact inside AND outside of the bedroom! Want to reach Ollie? Her website is: https://www.cointimacycoaching.com/ and her IG handle is: @https://www.instagram.com/cointimacycoaching/

48. 8 Tips for Parenting Kids with ADHD (When You Have ADHD)

September 11, 2022 20:00 - 18 minutes - 13 MB

Parenting a child with ADHD can be a challenge, but for parents who have ADHD, those challenges double. Supporting our kids' executive functioning skills and emotional regulation can be particularly difficult when we have our own struggles in these areas! Today's episode offers 8 tips for parents as they navigate the complicated reality of parenting kids with ADHD as an ADHD parent. Learn more about my group coaching program, Embrace Your Brain here:  Group Coaching | Clarity Coaching (the...

47. ADHD, Delegating and Asking for Help

August 29, 2022 10:00 - 8 minutes - 5.76 MB

When we're overwhelmed, we may be advised to delegate tasks to others. Being able to ask for help is impoortant when we're managing our energy, but many of us struggle with the executive functioning skills we need to do this! Skills like  judging time, prioritizing, planning, sequencing, and organizing are needed when we break down tasks (or lists of tasks) and delegate to others. Today we'll explore how some ADHD traits can complicate our ability to delegate and learn what we can do to hel...

47. Why It's Hard to Ask For Help When You Have ADHD

August 29, 2022 10:00 - 8 minutes - 5.76 MB

When we're overwhelmed, we may be advised to delegate tasks to others. Being able to ask for help is impoortant when we're managing our energy, but many of us struggle with the executive functioning skills we need to do this! Skills like  judging time, prioritizing, planning, sequencing, and organizing are needed when we break down tasks (or lists of tasks) and delegate to others. Today we'll explore how some ADHD traits can complicate our ability to delegate and learn what we can do to hel...

46. Interoception and Emotional Regulation (Interview with Dr. Carissa Cascio)

August 16, 2022 10:00 - 29 minutes - 20.2 MB

Today I’m talking to Dr. Carissa Cascio, an associate professor of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences at Vanderbilt University. Dr. Cascio's research program focuses on  sensory differences in developmental disabilities and she is with us to discuss interoception, our body's "hidden" sense and the powerful role interoception plays in emotional regulation. We'll cover what interocaption is, how this internal experience of our body's sensations can impact emotional regulation, and practical way...

45. Building Your ADHD Support Team (Interview with Caitlin O’Brient Bauer)

August 09, 2022 10:00 - 57 minutes - 39.6 MB

After a diagnosis of ADHD, we often have more questions: what's next? Do I need a counselor? What about medication? Would a coach be helpful? Are there accomodations I need to explore for school or work? It can be overwhelming trying to find answers to all of these questions and most of us will benefit from a team of professionals who can support us on our ADHD journey. Who do you need on your team? What support can each of these team members offer you? Today I chat with Caitlin  O’Brien...

44. ADHD and Relationships: Making Bids for Connection

July 26, 2022 19:00 - 10 minutes - 7.59 MB

Today we’re discussing ADHD and relationships. We’ll take a look at the work of Drs.  John and Julie Gottman and those in realtionships make what they refer to as “bids for connection” in order to communicate and connect with each other. These gestures that we use to signal our need for attention and connection and they can be verbal or nonverbal, overt or relatively subtle. We may readily respond to some, but miss others entirely (and miss the chance for connection as well) We’ll also exp...