Talking Talmud
1,613 episodes - English - Latest episode: 2 days ago - ★★★★★ - 61 ratingsLearning the daf? We have something for you to think about. Not learning the daf? We have something for you to think about! (Along with a taste of the daf...)
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Shabbat 100: 4 Mishnayot and a Hanging Question
June 14, 2020 04:15 - 20 minutes - 19 MBTannaitic halakhah... What happens when you throw an object 4 amot within the public domain? 4 different scenarios that fulfill this description.... When would you be obligated to bring a korban? When exempt? Plus: Now add bodies of water into the equations. Why is the water itself considered a karmelit, as compared to the public or private domain? Also, inconvenient passage vs. inconvenient usage. Plus: ships and boats, when you can carry from one to the next. How do we count the depth of th...
Shabbat 99: When a Rabbi's Answer Doesn't Sit Well with Another Rabbi
June 13, 2020 18:20 - 15 minutes - 13.9 MBMore on the Mishkan, but more concrete: the colorful curtains, made of goat hair. Spinning goat hair required exceptional taken or skin, especially because they did the spinning on the animal. Especially when you consider the wayward, stubborn nature of sheep or goats... Also: back to private/public domains, when one throws above 10 tefachim (air space that isn't in the domain) to land on top of a 10 tefachim. But here, R. Moredechai has a complaint that Chazal do not address his question tho...
Shabbat 98: For the Visual Learners among Us (and Also for Everyone Else)
June 12, 2020 03:35 - 16 minutes - 15.2 MBThe Mishkan, in glorious description of its architecture - what it means to turn the inherently abstract words into a concrete physical structure. Constructing a visualization from the text - some people are exceptional at this, of course But what if you're not a visual person? There are different ways of thinking, of course. Plus: Making the attempt to "translate" the words of one section of the daf into more of a visual description.... How the curtains adorn the Mishkan. Part if what's tric...
Shabbat 97: The Road to Gossip
June 11, 2020 04:53 - 23 minutes - 21.4 MBThe suggestion that Rabbi Akiva's interpretation on Miriam and Aharon goes too far. Which leads into a discussion of "choshed be-kesherim" - speaking I'll of those who are blame-free, and the punishment is to the speaker's body... A la Miriam and Aharon. Moshe also is presented as one who failed to believe, even as Bnei Yisrael are represented as believers in God's promise of redemption. Moshe's lack of belief bring attributed to when he hit the rock, if course. Nobody wants to be spoken *abo...
Shabbat 96: Catch!
June 10, 2020 03:59 - 28 minutes - 26.3 MBThe new chapter, HaZorek: Throwing an item between public and private domains; throwing an item from a private domain to another private domain, through a public domain; passing from private to privately domain, through public domain... The last there case there having been learned from the Levites practice in constructing the Mishkan (passing from wagon to wagon). Note: the Gemara explains the camp of the Levites and the "shabbat" completion of the Mishkan. Sanctifying time (Shabbat) and pla...
Shabbat 95: God Created Eve from the Rib of Adam
June 09, 2020 04:16 - 17 minutes - 16 MBWait, how is braiding your hair the same as building? The Gemara makes sense of exactly this. Plus: Slice of Talmudic Life - making cheese. homegrown insults, and beit midrash consultation (still about the melakhot). What happens when Chazal shop study halls? Also - A new member of Chazal? Plus - sprinkling water to tamp down the dust in your home on a hot and dusty day. Namely, ancient air conditioning.
Shabbat 94: We Are Very Hygienic Today
June 08, 2020 03:42 - 22 minutes - 20.6 MBCan a Jew lend a horse to a non-Jew for use on Shabbat? Ben Beteira says yes, even despite the strong requirement that the entire household rest on Shabbat. Why a horse? Note: The discussion here is matter-of-fact, without tension, on the topic of interaction between Jews/non-Jews. Also: transferring a piece of a corpse leads into a discussion of tzaraat. Wherein interfering with the skin ailment is prohibited (despite a possible human inclination to try to tweak what the kohen would see befo...
Shabbat 93: Making a Show of Support
June 07, 2020 03:34 - 14 minutes - 13.5 MBWhen two people go carrying.... A case where one person was capable to carry and the other was not - who is obligated to bring a korban and why? Being nice may not always be the best course of action, if you aren't truly helping. So, what are the parameters? Basically, always check it out. Plus: Carrying less than the measure of food that would require a sacrifice in a container - the container doesn't count - after all, you can't carry soup in your bare hands. Similarly, carrying a live pers...
Shabbat 92: "Regular" Carrying - Right Hand, Left Hand, Lap, Shoulder... Head?
June 06, 2020 18:11 - 21 minutes - 19.4 MBShifting focus from the object that is carried to the subject who is doing the carrying. Right hand, left hand, in your lap, on your shoulder. Alternatively, carrying in an alternative way - with a "shinui," not the normal way of carrying - that exempts the carrier from culpability for the act of carrying. What about carrying on your head?! Anshei Hotzel (or Hutzal) did regularly carry their baskets on their head. The Gemara emends this text itself... Also, a woman who wears a "sinar" (pants?...
Shabbat 91: Carrying Is Never Just Carrying
June 05, 2020 03:43 - 21 minutes - 20.1 MBPurpose and intent, when it comes to carrying tiny amounts. And how that differs across people, and across plans, which change. Plus: Lining up the opinions of the mishnah. Also: what happens when the act of carrying even this tiny amount is not completed? And what happens when one person completes the plan of another - can we really transfer intent? And if so, how far does that principle go? Finally, when changing your mind doesn't change your obligation.
Shabbat 90: Chasing Crows
June 04, 2020 03:28 - 15 minutes - 14.1 MBBack to Shabbat topics, and minimums for carrying to be obligated in bringing a sin-offering - including a list of items that require an offering no matter how little of them you carry. In contrast: When it comes to metals, various substances were used to protect the Temple, to clean the lamps, etc. That is, when it comes to donations to the Temple, "any amount" is too little - rather, the amount has to be of actual use to the Beit HaMikdash. Plus: The "mekek," and the need to protect the scr...
Shabbat 89: Where the Satan Goes, There Go Questions That Best Mankind
June 03, 2020 03:56 - 20 minutes - 19.1 MBWhen the Satan went to God, asked for the Torah, searched the world for it, and finds it, as per God's instruction, with Moshe Rabbenu. What is this all about? Namely, what is "the Satan" in rabbinic literature? Again, what's going on here? What is this passage all about? Exploring the place of Torah and humanity in creation - and the need for people doing mitzvot. How could the perfect Torah be given to imperfect mankind?! Where's the sense in that?
Shabbat 88: Who Needs Free Will Anyway?
June 02, 2020 05:23 - 20 minutes - 19.2 MBWere Bnei Yisrael forced to keep the Torah? That seems inappropriate. But was there any other way for God to give the Torah? An encounter between humanity and the Divine seems to go beyond human experience. Also: the semblance of free choice, from former refuseniks to our post-Israel experiences, and the potential paradox of choice. So is that coercion per se, or helpful? That close encounter with God may not be all that comfy - just because we want it to be. Yet, Bnei Yisrael do accept the T...
Shabbat 87: Which Do You Want First -- Good News or Bad News?
June 01, 2020 04:14 - 22 minutes - 20.7 MBWhen did the giving of the Torah actually take place? Figuring the precise date of the first year. Also: preperatory separation between husbands and wives. And his personal kal vachomer, to separate from his own wife,in perpetuity. Breaking the tablets. Moshe's own sense of the right thing to do. Also: an interplay between God, Moshe, Bnei Yisrael, in the context of getting the chronology of events right. Plus: the relay conversation from God to Moshe to Bnei Yisrael, and back again. What was...
Shabbat 86: No Comfort Hugs at Mount Sinai?
May 31, 2020 03:48 - 20 minutes - 18.7 MBThe fourth of the four asmakhtah mishnayot, with four topics within the one mishnah: polatet shikhvat zera, bathing an infant who has undergone brit milah on Shabbat, separation of husband and wife, anointing on Yom Kippur. Which leads into a discussion of the separation between husbands and wives during the giving of the Torah. Via hints of non-legal verses from Tanakh. Also, how the Gemara delves into the first category at length, and why that feels prurient. Plus: separation between husban...
Shabbat 85: How Much Agriculture Did the Rabbis Really Know?!
May 30, 2020 18:46 - 18 minutes - 17.6 MBAsmakhtah, again. And a whole new discussion: kilayim, the prohibition against sowing seeds together. Mapping out the garden... And on to the salvation of the Jewish people at the end of days. Which leads into a question about rabbinic authority when it comes to agriculture, of all things. Yet the Torah itself, claims the Gemara, teaches a great deal about agriculture - for example, the inference possible from the concerns not to encroach on your neighbor's land. Which has implication for pla...
Shabbat 84: Little Boxes, Impure Boxes (for Friday, May 29, 2020, Shavuot)
May 30, 2020 18:18 - 23 minutes - 21.4 MBWhat's What: Midras tumah. When boxes are contaminated, as it were, with tumah - when they open from the side or from the top. Whereas a very large box is not rendered impure. Now, what about earthenware? That's not able to be rendered impure in this way. So, what about the ship? The difference between midras tumah and the handling of an object that renders it impure.
Shabbat 83: A Ship Is Not Impure
May 28, 2020 05:10 - 15 minutes - 14.6 MBThe importance of context, when the backdrop of idolatry shows up here. Also: What's What: Tumat Heset - the tumah that is transferred when moving an object of idolatry. Plus: A new mishnah, with another divergent, and somewhat cryptic topic, and the unpacking of it by the Gemara, about the impurity - or lack thereof - of a ship.
Shabbat 82: When Everyone Has a Remedy for You
May 27, 2020 03:45 - 20 minutes - 18.6 MBA nod of appreciation to the topic of witchcraft. Also: When a father tells his son that learning the basics is important. Plus: Those basics - some moral lessons about going to the bathroom when you need to. Also, some health lessons to assist one who is constipated -- so many recommend solutions. And: a new (unusual) chapter begins. Asmakhtot.
Shabbat 81: Bathroom Etiquette (and Shabbat)
May 26, 2020 04:14 - 14 minutes - 13.1 MBHow heavy is the rock you throw at a bird? What's the amount that makes a rock a problem to carry on Shabbat? It can't be muktzah, because it has essential use. Namely, bathroom etiquette involved setting aside rocks and leaves and more as functional toilet paper in a world that didn't have indoor plumbing. Plus: Kavod ha-briot, in its essential form.
Shabbat 80: How Not to Prepare Your Daughter for Marriage
May 25, 2020 04:43 - 24 minutes - 22.4 MBMore on blue eye shadow: whoever shadows just one eye?! Modesty vs. hypermodesty - not just a tension of the modern era. Plus: Lime qua depilatory and emollient - as applied to R. Bivei's daughter, in contrast to R. Bivei's neighbor's daughter. Until R. Nachman shuts it down. Also: Maaseh Merkavah - with a stinging hornet, no less. With incorrect study (appropriately blamed on the instructor). And: Plaster mixed with straw in mourning the Temple.
Shabbat 79: Recycling Sifrei Torah (No)
May 24, 2020 04:05 - 20 minutes - 18.6 MBWhen carrying becomes a topic of documents and of receipts or promissory notes, it's only logical that the discussion would veer to parchment and tefillin and mezuzot. Which leads us to ask, to what extent does the purpose of the act determine the nature of carrying. Plus: More on animal hides than we ever knew before. Also: A truncated quote on repurposing, and the going up in holiness. What's What: "Duchsustos." And practically speaking: go look up the cited texts!
Shabbat 78: Blue Eyeshadow
May 23, 2020 17:53 - 20 minutes - 19.1 MBThe liquids that are beverages or food, and are also used for medicinal purposes - on which measure is used to determine how much one would need to carry to be obligated to bring a korban? It seems leniencies are bred into the system. Also: Blood - using blood to heal... a sty? A cataract? From a chicken? From a bat? Plus: Blue eyeshadow. And still more on the measurements for carrying all kinds of things.
Shabbat 77: The Need for Mosquitoes in the World
May 22, 2020 04:09 - 18 minutes - 17 MBDedicated for the yarzheit of Dr. Michael E. Osband Melech Gershom Channa Ben Eliezer v’Chasya Hesha. Alef vs ayin - the Gemara is figuring out the Mishnah's spelling. Also: the purpose of every (annoying) thing in the world, including mosquitoes. Plus: Rabbi Zera pays a visit to his father-in-law.
Shabbat 76: Food for a Cow, Food for a Camel, and Luggage Weight Limits
May 21, 2020 05:23 - 25 minutes - 23.6 MBWhere what you value has impact on what is: namely, is the amount for which one is held accountable an objective measurement, or dependent on the individual's values? More specifically: when you're feeding a cow, that's different from feeding a camel. And how all of the above pertains to the phenomenon of carrying, in terms of violating Shabbat. The different component values do not usually combine. Plus: the measurements for violating carrying with various liquids - wine, milk, and more (or ...
Shabbat 75: Killing Is Not in the Spirit of Shabbat
May 20, 2020 03:47 - 19 minutes - 18.3 MBMazalot - divination vs. astronomy, that which at worst carries a death sentence for those who practice it vs that which is a mitzvah to undertake, as a means to appreciate the Divine. Also, the hilazon and the number of korbanot hatat one who uses it to make tekhelet... on Shabbat, if one would. Touching on bigger discussions for another time: "mitasek"; "psik reisheih." Plus: Another view (rejected) of avot and toladot that could entail a lot more korbanot. And the next mishnah, which bring...
Shabbat 74: The Problem of Seedless Watermelon
May 19, 2020 04:32 - 24 minutes - 22.4 MBWho's Who: Nachmani. Borer - what are the parameters of this melakhah? A tannaitic statement needs rereading by the Amoraim, to establish just that - 5 attempts, 4 refutations. Also, the halakhic upshot of borer. Plus: the melakhah of "ofeh," baking, and not "bishul" - language choice. Also: counting up melakhot in any creative endeavor.
Shabbat 73: The 39 Melakhot of Shabbat
May 18, 2020 03:54 - 23 minutes - 21.9 MBFirst, Abaye vs Rava on throwing an object in reshut harabim -- if the resultant action alines with your own concerns, don't you have to bring a korban? Which brings us to the component parts of a complete action of melakhah: your act and your intent. Plus: The 39 prohibited creative labors of Shabbat - a list worthy of its own discussion. Including the groupings that help us remember the list better, as mnemonics.
Shabbat 72: My Mitzvah Can Beat Up Your Mitzvah
May 17, 2020 03:03 - 20 minutes - 19.2 MBThe Gemara claims: Shabbat is a more stringent area of halakhah than other mitzvot - and where it is less so. And then the Gemara twists and turns to figure out exactly what this case is. Which bring us to different applications of "shogeg." And what makes a moment of sin? Which raises questions about the nature of sin itself, and the opportunity to atone for it.
Shabbat 71: When Eating Fat Is Literally a Sin
May 16, 2020 17:41 - 14 minutes - 13.2 MBR. Yochanan vs. Resh Lakish on the number of sin-offerings one brings upon eating "chelev," the prohibited fats. Delving in, the biblical verses and beyond. Can the sin multiply, if you discover it at different times? Or is one period of ignorance enough to make it one sin and one sin-offering? To what extent does the sacrifice's designation have impact?
Shabbat 70: Keeping Shabbat Is Hard
May 15, 2020 03:45 - 20 minutes - 18.6 MBHow did we come by these 39 individual melakhot? The Gemara finds an answer in the biblical text on the severity of the punishment. Which, of course, distinguishes between mezid (intentional) violation and shogeg (unintentional) violation. How this teaches the severity of Shabbat! Also: Gematria! Plus: Isn't lighting a fire the quintessential violation if Shabbat? R. Yosi's position suggests otherwise. That kind of dispute is one of the times where we just pause to recognize the challenges in...
Shabbat 69: On the *Second* Day, Adam (and Eve) Rested
May 14, 2020 03:55 - 21 minutes - 20.2 MBWhy do we need to know that there are 39 melakhot? After all, there's a list! It's all about what happens in a time period of forgetting (he'eleim). Defining "shogeg" with regard to Shabbat (again). Also: understanding the korban chatat. Plus: The case of the person who loses track of time and doesn't know what day is Shabbat. Do we resolve that in accord with God's count of 7 days or the human experience of Shabbat? Also, what does it mean to start keeping Shabbat again out there in the wild...
Shabbat 68: When You Forget What Day It Is, and That Day Is Shabbat
May 13, 2020 03:37 - 17 minutes - 16.2 MBBack to basics: The categories (avot) of prohibited labor on Shabbat, their sub-categories (toladot), and the significance of having both avot and toladot. Now, if one forgot that it was shabbat or forgot that the given action violated shabbat... the avot and toladot lead to careful bookkeeping, which minimize the number of sin-offeringa that would be needed. Also, note that this is all the negative aspect of Shabbat (making sure not to violate Shabbat, "shamor"), but don't forget the positiv...
Shabbat 67: The Big Red Tree
May 12, 2020 04:13 - 17 minutes - 16 MBWhen folk remedies don't heal, and might be worse - superstitious nonsense or "darkei haEmori"? Rabbi Meir and the Sages disagree. But Abaye and Rava agree: that which heals is not superstitious. But do the talismans listed in the gemara fit that bill? Plus: Painting a tree with red paint to spur prayers for mercy. And: when we need to reach out and ask for help, with no guilt or shame (and when we need to offer help to those who have reached out).
Shabbat 66: Transferring a Fever to a Passing Ant (Not on Shabbat!)
May 11, 2020 03:55 - 20 minutes - 19.4 MBIs a prosthetic leg to be considered a shoe? What about going out on Shabbat with prosthetics? The Gemara's discussion does not address what we might think is the key concern. Plus: Some Who's Who: Abaye. Also: Healing practices that don't involve grinding medicine - including... superstition? Some folks remedies seem more medicinal than others (and some of which were allowed on Shabbat).
Shabbat 65: Are We Wearing Our Masks - or Carrying Them?
May 10, 2020 04:50 - 16 minutes - 15.6 MBMore things a woman might wear. Including strings in pierced ears, holding the place for future earrings. Medean garments. Etc. With all the implications for the masks we wear today... (eruv aside). Thus, the lasting strength of the Oral Law. Also: Shmuel's father, the girls in the household, and going to the river or mikveh. Sourcing rain water and mixing it with river water. This seems to be a stringency, and opens the question: what about the rest of Babylonian Jewry?
Shabbat 64: Erotic in the Eye of the Beholder
May 09, 2020 18:09 - 16 minutes - 15.5 MBDifferent ornamental items - how internal and external pieces of jewelry might be treated differently in halakhah. Context matters, and individual sensitivities matter too, with the onus on the person doing the "looking." Also: Hair decor, including wigs, all presumably for beautification - and therefore needing adjudication as to whether that's carrying on Shabbat. Conclusion: appearance always has been, and always is going to be important to people. Rabbi Akiva: and so a person doesn't have...
Shabbat 63: Swords into Ploughshares
May 08, 2020 05:11 - 22 minutes - 20.4 MBThe smell of cinnamon in Jerusalem. The time of the messiah - the perpetual question of how different it will really be after all. Plus: Never forget the plain sense (pshat) of the text. Namely, discovering the layers of meaning of the biblical text, and the possibility of misinterpretation of R. Kahana, without contextual reading. Also: 4 kinds of chavrutot, learning partnerships. And: the best way to give tzedakah - support a business (with all the ramifications for current events).
Shabbat 62: Rabbi Meir: Tefillin Are Not a Positive, Time-bound Commandment (Wait, what?!)
May 07, 2020 03:35 - 23 minutes - 21.7 MBFirst, defining some terms of armor. Then, a new mishnah introduced several topics: starting with balsam oil, and the absence of a decree when there's no post-Temple joy in the item (how recent the destruction must have seemed). Plus: additional Torah prohibitions for women, in terms of wearing them on Shabbat... In contrast to what a man cannot wear. From shepherds to every man. Also: Are women a nation unto themselves? Plus: Tefillin as an example for what women do not wear....except that h...
Shabbat 61: Medicinal Amulets
May 06, 2020 04:54 - 19 minutes - 18.3 MBGoing out on Shabbat with one shoe and an injured foot: why do we wear shoes? Plus: Amulets! (What is going on with them?? How are they okay? How do they heal? And reliably, no less? Nonetheless, they seem to have been used without critique.
Shabbat 60: The Story of the Nailed Sandal
May 05, 2020 04:09 - 20 minutes - 19.2 MBParallel structuring, on what a man cannot wear out on Shabbat. The hobnailed sandal and the reason it was prohibited get the focus of this daf. This decree follows tragic events, and finds a culprit in this shoe, with 3 versions of the narrative that led to the decree. The lessons go beyond the danger of the shoe, however. For starters, why would you ever wear something to injure people on Shabbat?! Yet the prominence seems clear, given the attention of this daf. Also, the specificity of Cha...
Shabbat 59: The Queen of England Does Not Show Off Her Crown
May 04, 2020 04:04 - 18 minutes - 16.7 MBThe city of gold, which is to say, more ornaments, to be worn (or not) in the public domain. Rabbi Akiva's gift to his wife, Rachel. But in this case, the korban hatat might be required, in contrast to the previous ornaments, this far. The difference that being a particularly distinguished woman makes. Plus, the discussion of the kelilah, that tiara-like adornment, and which of the sages are cited as permitting the item as one of clothing. Including: Levi, his identification, arrival in Babyl...
Shabbat 58: What Makes a Bell a Bell?
May 03, 2020 05:53 - 15 minutes - 14.6 MBWhat's What: "Atarot Kallot." More on clothing that is decreed against wearing on Shabbat, lest one come to carry. Extending the discussion to focus on a bell - that is worn, that's a "kli," and the importance of the clapper. The value of adornment, including decorative elements in the home - which may not have "kli" status.
Shabbat 57: With Ribbons in Her Hair
May 02, 2020 18:01 - 15 minutes - 14.2 MBA new chapter! The decree against women wearing certain kinds of adornments on Shabbat - lest they take them off to show them off and forget to put them back on, and thereby carry. Plus how all that relates to tevilah, immersion in the mikveh. Also: Sussing out what an unfamiliar name is for one such clothing item, for which multiple halakhot apply.
Shabbat 56: In the Footsteps of Repentance
May 01, 2020 05:01 - 21 minutes - 19.4 MBOn the practice of close reading of the biblical text, and the strong interpretive tradition of Chazal. Understanding biblical personalities via the reinterpretation of them. Focus on reinterpreting King David, as a non-sinner, despite the biblical text, and because of it. Who's Who: R. Shmuel bar Nachmani.
Shabbat 55: The Scarlet Tav
April 30, 2020 04:44 - 26 minutes - 24.2 MBSelecting good people to be protected from the angels of destruction and wicked people to be identified for them. But Justice asks: how different are they really?! The Gemara goes on to explain the rebuke in place here. The discussion as to how and why the the tzaddikim were marked at all emerges from why it was done with the Hebrew letter Tav. Also, Zekhut Avot, and what it means to not rely on it. Plus: the story of Reuben and Bilhah in the biblical text as prep for tomorrow's daf, which el...
Shabbat 54: The Place of Rebuke
April 29, 2020 04:37 - 22 minutes - 21 MBFirst, an addendum to the one-armed woman of yesterday. Next: limits on what animals can wear, as it were, on Shabbat -- and the implication of those limits on the animals' human owners. Plus: R. Elazar ben Azariah, and how he apparently let his cow go out on Shabbat wearing exactly the prohibited item - how can that be? A refresher as to who he was and the implications of this decision. Also: wishing you a happy Yom HaAtzmaut! Dedicated in memory of Anna Rutner Sara bat Yom Tov v’Rachel. (So...
Shabbat 53: Why Coffee Is Allowed on Shabbat (a good thing, too)
April 28, 2020 03:41 - 24 minutes - 22.4 MBFirst, the distinction between medicine for a person as compared to an animal; next, no medicine on Shabbat at all. Plus: 2 very strange stories, one involving the miracle of a nursing man, and the other, a man's hypermodesty (are either of these things good? we discuss). Also: a meaningful Yom HaZikaron to you all - may Israel know no more pain.
Shabbat 52: An Unruly Red Heifer
April 27, 2020 03:42 - 18 minutes - 17.5 MBAnimals in the public domain - what can they wear, what counts as "carrying"? We focus on the parah adumah, the red heifer, and today what extent wearing some bridle, bit, reins, etc. would invalidate its status as a parah adumah (or what it doesn't). The means to control the animal does not "work" the animal, which would invalidate it. Also, questions of definition with regard to Shabbat, as compared to tumah and taharah - rings, and their function, their composition, etc. Plus: observing th...
Shabbat 51: Herding Cats
April 26, 2020 03:43 - 21 minutes - 20.1 MBCan you insulate to keep things cold? R. Yehudah HaNasi contradicts himself - until Abaye resolves the contradiction. Also, a lesson in rabbinic authority, and just how oral the Talmud was. Plus: Perek 5: What about your animals' melakhah on Shabbat?