Havilah's Podcast
321 episodes - English - Latest episode: 3 days ago - ★★★★★ - 1.7K ratingsWelcome to Havilah’s Podcast where we're breaking the mold, shaking things up, and keeping it real! As a full-time minister for over two decades, women’s pastor at Bethel Church, and the heart behind Truth to Table, Havilah's got some serious truth bombs to drop. Get ready for real talk on life, family, relationships, ministry and more - no fluff, just truth. Brace yourself for laughter, blush-worthy moments, and plenty of ""hey, same here!"" revelations.
Let's dive in!
www.truthtotable.com
www.theinfluencertable.com
www.havilahcunnington.com Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/havilah-cunnington/support
Homepage Apple Podcasts Google Podcasts Overcast Castro Pocket Casts RSS feed
Episodes
305. Cultivating Deep Adult Friendships with Havilah’s Core Group
April 24, 2024 07:00 - 33 minutesHey there, friends! In this episode of my podcast, I'm excited to chat with my core group and dive right into the heart of adult friendships. We'll be sharing our own stories about how we came together as a close-knit group, the real effort it takes to build those deep connections, and how our friendships have grown and changed over time. We'll talk about the things we do to help our friendships thrive, like being there for each other during tough times without trying to fix everything, lett...
304. Answering your Questions about Adult Friendships
April 17, 2024 07:00 - 33 minutesToday I’m answering YOUR questions about adult friendships. I’m joined by Abi Soliman as part of my series, The Art of Adult Friendships. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! You can watch the video here: https://youtu.be/yfFNieCYj0M As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilahcunnington.com + http://truthtotable.com + http://thetruthacademy.com
303. 5 Game Changing Truths About Friendships
April 10, 2024 10:00 - 21 minutesToday I’m continuing my series, The Art of Adult Friendships. Today I’m giving you my 5 game changing truths to change your approach to friendships. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! You can watch the video here: https://youtu.be/cnxkGR829vY As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilahcunnington.com + http://truthtotable.com + http://thetruth...
302. 5 Lies That Sabotage your Friendships
April 04, 2024 21:41 - 36 minutesIn episode 1 of our series on The Art of Adult Friendship, we're tackling the 5 lies that are sabotaging your social life. The truth is navigating friendships as an adult is hard and there's not a roadmap or a rulebook to follow. Seasons shift and life changes and so do our friendships, but this shouldn't scare us away from developing and building vibrant and healthy friendships. Whether you're running a company, a busy stay at home mom, an entrepreneur, retired or anywhere in between, we al...
5 Lies That Sabotage your Friendships
April 04, 2024 16:10 - 35 minutesIn episode 1 of our series on The Art of Adult Friendship, we're tackling the 5 lies that are sabotaging your social life. The truth is navigating friendships as an adult is hard and there's not a roadmap or a rulebook to follow. Seasons shift and life changes and so do our friendships, but this shouldn't scare us away from developing and building vibrant and healthy friendships. Whether you're running a company, a busy stay at home mom, an entrepreneur, retired or anywhere in between, we al...
301. My Top Ten Boundaries
March 27, 2024 10:00 - 35 minutesToday I'm talking about a different perspective on relationships. In light of some of the events that have come out recently, I'm sharing my top ten boundaries that I use as a woman in ministry. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilahcunnington.com + http://truthtotable.com + http://thetruthacademy.com...
300. Newlyweds - What No One Tells You
March 20, 2024 10:00 - 49 minutesWe're continuing our marriage series and today I'm joined by Abi Soliman. Abi and I are talking about the unexpected challenges for newlyweds and what we have learned. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! Be sure to watch the video of this episode on YouTube: https://youtu.be/gOzP_R8-H0Q As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilahcunnington.com + ht...
299. Building Trust and Intimacy
March 13, 2024 10:00 - 39 minutesOn today's episode I’m joined by Caitlin Zick to continue our marriage series. We are talking about what we have learned in the importance and mindsets for building trust and intimacy. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! You can watch the video here: https://youtu.be/waPgQZVTk78 As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilahcunnington.com + http://...
298. How to Work Together in High Functioning Marriages
March 06, 2024 11:00 - 34 minutesThis month we’re talking all about marriage! Today's episode I’m joined by my friend Michelle Thompson to talk about what she’s learned through owning a business and building together as a couple. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! You can watch the video here: https://youtu.be/0xZbQdG1TT8 As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilahcunnington.com ...
297. How to Work Together in High Functioning Marriages
March 06, 2024 11:00 - 33 minutes - 46 MBThis month we’re talking all about marriage! Today's episode I’m joined by my friend Michelle Thompson to talk about what she’s learned through owning a business and building together as a couple. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! You can watch the video here: https://youtu.be/0xZbQdG1TT8 As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilahcunnington.com ...
297. Divine Guidance in the Workplace: Hearing God’s Voice in your Business and Marketing
February 28, 2024 11:00 - 34 minutesToday's episode is part two of my discussion with Daniel and Elles Maddry, the founders of Youth Pastor Co and Cards Christians Like. We’re continuing to talk about their experiences of integrating God's voice and ideas in their marketing and businesses. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilahcunnington.com ...
296. Making Brilliant Business Decisions & Money by Hearing God's Voice
February 22, 2024 16:30 - 48 minutesOn today's episode I'm joined by Daniel and Elles Maddry, the founders of Youth Pastor Co and Cards Christians Like, to talk about their experiences in hearing God's voice in their ideas, marketing, and businesses. This conversation was so great and so full, we've broken it up into two parts so enjoy part one today and tune into for part two next week. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are loo...
295. Q&A - Hearing God's Voice
February 14, 2024 16:05 - 28 minutesOn today's episode I'm answering YOUR questions! Caitlin Zick, our Truth Academy director, joins me in answering questions you sent in related to hearing God's voice. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilahcunnington.com + http://truthtotable.com + http://thetruthacademy.com --- Support this podcast: h...
294. Exploring the Prophetic Personalities: The Knower
February 07, 2024 21:58 - 45 minutesContinuing our series on the Prophetic Personalities, Havilah's sits down with Cole Zick to talk all about the knower prophetic personalities. Cole and his wife Caitlin have been longtime friends and currently pastor a church called Risen King. This is an insightful conversation that we hope will bring clarity and empowerment as you grow in your prophetic personality to hear God's voice the way you were uniquely designed to hear him. Continue your journey of learning about all 4 Prophetic...
294. Q&A - Hearing God's Voice
February 07, 2024 11:00 - 26 minutes - 36.9 MBOn today's episode I'm answering YOUR questions! Caitlin Zick, our Truth Academy director, joins me in answering questions you sent in related to hearing God's voice. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilahcunnington.com + http://truthtotable.com + http://thetruthacademy.com --- Support this podcast: ...
293. Exploring the Prophetic Personalities: Which one are you?
February 01, 2024 16:19 - 45 minutesContinuing our series on the Prophetic Personalities, Havilah's sits down with Abi Soliman from the Truth to Table team to talk about how to determine your dominant type. This is an insightful conversation that we hope will bring clarity and empowerment as you grow in your prophetic personality to hear God's voice the way you were uniquely designed to hear him. Continue your journey of learning about all 4 Prophetic Personalities. Pick up a copy of Havilah's newest book: Created to Hear G...
292. Exploring the Prophetic Personalities: The Seer
January 24, 2024 20:07 - 39 minutesIn this episode we dive into the Prophetic Personalities or the various types of ways God speaks to us. There 4 primary types and today we're explore "The Seer”. Today's special guest is one of my good friends, Debbie Mayes. She's a seer and we're chatting all about what it's like to be a seer. We'll explore the last prophetic personality type next week, so make sure to tune in for next episode. To dive deeper into all 4 prophetic personalities and discover what your's might be, pick up a ...
291. Exploring the Prophetic Personalities: The Hearer
January 18, 2024 00:36 - 34 minutesIn this episode we dive into the Prophetic Personalities or the various types of ways God speaks to us. There 4 primary types and today we're explore "The Hearer" Today's special guest is one of our team members at Truth to Table, Paula Ozark. She's a hearer and we're chatting all about what it's like to be a hearer. We'll explore the last 2 prophetic personality types so make sure to tune in for these future episodes. To dive deeper into all 4 prophetic personalities and discover what y...
290. Exploring the Prophetic Personalities: The Feeler
January 10, 2024 19:46 - 30 minutesIn this episode we dive into the Prophetic Personalities or the various types of ways God speaks to us. There 4 primary types and today we're explore "The Feeler" I have a special guest on the podcast, my husband Ben. His Prophetic Personality type is a Feeler and we're having a conversation all about what it's like to be a feeler, the good, the hard, and how God show up in his life as a feeler. We'll take the next 3 more episodes to explore the remaining 3 prophetic personality types so m...
289. How Am I Created To Hear God?
January 03, 2024 19:28 - 25 minutesThis January we have started my 10 day study with my new book, Created to Hear God. You were never meant to do life alone. You were created to hear the voice of God in your everyday life. Today we are discussing the topic for Day 1: how God created you to hear Him! You can watch the full series on my YouTube channel. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resourc...
288. Christmas Conversations with my First Born
December 20, 2023 09:19 - 38 minutesWith Christmas right around the corner, I thought it would be fun to change it up and invite my eldest son Judah to be a guest on today's podcast for the very first time. We dive into a great conversation about all kinds of things from Judah's time at the YWAM base in Kona, what it's like being a teenager in 2023 to what's on his Christmas list. 2024 has a ton of amazing things ahead including my FREE online Bible study: Created to Hear God. Sign up for free at: https://createdtoheargod...
287. Does it Matter if I Hear God or Not?
December 13, 2023 20:48 - 32 minutesCreated to Hear God, my newest book, came out yesterday! I’m continuing to give you a sneak peak as today I’m reading you the second chapter. This chapter talks about how important it is to hear God and how it affects your spirit, soul and body. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilahcunnington.com + http://tr...
286. Created to Hear God Sneak Preview
December 08, 2023 21:46 - 26 minutes - 24.4 MBMy new book, Created to Hear God, is coming out December 12th! This is also my first time recording my book as an audio book and so to celebrate, I’m reading you the first chapter. I want to remind you that you are capable of incredible things, you have a purpose and your ability to discern God’s voice is pivotal to unlocking that purpose. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more wa...
286. Why Can't I Hear God
December 08, 2023 21:46 - 28 minutesMy new book, Created to Hear God, is now available! This is also my first time recording my book as an audio book and so to celebrate, I’m reading you the first chapter. I want to remind you that you are capable of incredible things, you have a purpose and your ability to discern God’s voice is pivotal to unlocking that purpose. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! Grab your copy here -- or on Amazon. As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if ...
285. Cunnington Catch Up - Havilah’s Birthday Special
November 30, 2023 01:16 - 39 minutesToday we’re having a chat with a little twist. Yesterday was my birthday! So I’m handing you a virtual slice of cake and we’re having a catch up, hearing the honest stories of everyday life with a birthday filter. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilahcunnington.com + http://truthtotable.com + http://the...
284. Family Boundaries
November 22, 2023 11:00 - 40 minutesWe’re continuing to talk about boundaries with Caitlin Zick, but this week we’re talking about family boundaries. Holidays are often when my boundaries fall apart. I’m prepping for 19 people and 6 dogs to be at my house! Join us as we help you prep for this holiday season. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilah...
283. The Power of Boundaries in your Calendar
November 15, 2023 11:00 - 38 minutesThis week I’m talking about boundaries with our Truth Academy director, Caitlin Zick. Caitlin talks through a lot of practical examples, like how life changing adding boundaries to her calendar has been. We talk about how you can create culture by what you prioritize. I hope you enjoy today’s episode, this whole month we are talking about boundaries so make sure to capture the other episodes as well! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to...
282. Boundary Cheat Sheet
November 08, 2023 20:01 - 20 minutesThis is week I’m giving you my step by step guide to mastering boundaries. We’re going to talk about clear markers to building boundaries and keeping them healthy and alive. This will set us up as we dive into specific boundaries in the next few weeks. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilahcunnington.com + h...
281. Biblical Boundaries
November 01, 2023 21:24 - 24 minutesThis month we are discussing the secret weapon to living a fulfilled and godly life - boundaries. With the upcoming holidays it is important for us to be confident in keeping our peace! Join me in exploring how boundaries are created by biblical truth and spiritual principles. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havil...
280. Confronting the Devil
October 25, 2023 17:53 - 27 minutesThis is our last week of our spiritual warfare series. With Halloween coming up we’re talking about facing the devil and how much authority we have over him. Using strategies of confronting the devil from the safety of God’s covering. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilahcunnington.com + http://truthtotable...
279. Faith and Warfare
October 18, 2023 19:03 - 27 minutesThis month we are tackling spiritual warfare. We’re gonna address questions like “How do we stand against the deceit of the devil?” and “What does it really mean to put on the full armor of God?”. Join me as we explore these mysteries and more. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources check out these links: + http://havilahcunnington.com + http://tr...
278. Uncomplicate your Spiritual Battle
October 11, 2023 10:00 - 45 minutesThis month we are starting our Stronger than the Struggle series. I’m helping you uncomplicated your spiritual battles and teaching you how to view life through God’s plan for you. Our team has created a free resource of declarations just for you. You can download it here 👉🏻 havilahcunnington.com/declarations I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As always, thanks for listening we hope you enjoyed and if you are looking for more way to connect and resources chec...
277. Climbing out of chaos and overwhelm [Purpose Driven Habits Pt. 3]
September 27, 2023 08:00 - 34 minutesThis week we are taking a look at the purpose behind our habits. What is our why? Jenna dives into the importance of needing to have a why behind our habits, to help keep up with our habits even on the hard days. If you haven’t heard yet we are launching this semesters Habit Lab Mastery Course and classes start very soon, so if you are interested and want to know more click here 👉🏻https://truthtotable.com/habit-lab/ I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! As alway...
276.Purpose Driven Habits Pt. 2
September 20, 2023 16:13 - 41 minutesLast week we began talking about purpose driven habits with Jenna Zint. This week we are continuing our discussion, but focusing on habits around structure. We take a look at how your beliefs and relationship with structure can affect your habits. Jenna talks through her journey to realizing that structure can actually help support connection in your life, without having to give up spontaneity and fun. I hope you enjoy today’s episode and join me for the next ones! If you would like mor...
275. Purpose Driven Habits Pt.1
September 13, 2023 08:00 - 41 minutesA lot of people have heard of the Atomic Habit book, and how that’s changed people’s lives. Well, this month I want to share with you my friend’s story and how she found herself in her lowest moment in life and with God’s grace she figured out how to come out of that moment and it was through habits! Join Jenna, and I this month as we talk all about how to implement really clear, simple but transformative habits in our daily routines. And the reason we’re talking about this is because I’ve h...
Welcome to Havilah's Podcast!
September 13, 2023 00:39 - 2 minutesHavilah Cunnington has been in full-time ministry for twenty years, and serves as a pastor at Bethel Church. Havilah and her husband, Ben, lead a nonprofit and an online platform called Truth to Table, reaching the world with Bible studies, messages, and lifestyle leadership tools. Havilah and Ben live in Redding, California, with their four sons: Judah, Hudson, Grayson, and Beckham. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/havilah-cunnington/support
274: Cunnington Catch Up: Insights & Highlights
September 07, 2023 05:17 - 19 minutesIn this episode, Havilah shares a full monthly wrap up on all things in the Cunnington's world including some big changes. She unpacks how her time on sabbatical truly helped give space for the upcoming season shift that is underway for the Cunningtons and Truth to Table. If you want to hear a little bit of how Havilah is building for the future, listen in to this episode. To stay connected with all the things Havilah is doing, visit: + havilahcunnington.com + thetruthacademy.com +...
273. Embracing the Good, Hard Life: Having a Growth Mindset
August 31, 2023 21:17 - 37 minutesThis is the final episode of the series we've been chatting about this past month, Embracing the Good, Hard Life. This series was inspired by the realization that life is usually both good and hard at the same time. For a long time, Havilah thought she needed her life to change so she can get from the hard stuff to the good stuff. Today, Havilah is diving into mindset and why mindsets are important as we navigate life. She's sharing exactly what mindset it and the difference between a fixe...
272. Embracing the Good, Hard Life: Navigating the Hard
August 23, 2023 18:32 - 39 minutesWe're jumping back into the series Embracing the Good, Hard Life. If you missed last week, make sure you go back and listen. Havilah shared last week about embracing the good. Today, she's diving into confronting the hard. Havilah shares about why it's okay when things are hard and how God allows hard things to happen so we can find our strength in Him. Hardships are a pathway to growth and it's important we face them. Biologically, the only way a muscle can grow is to be torn apart first. T...
271. Embracing the Good, Hard Life: Embracing the Good
August 16, 2023 10:00 - 28 minutesWe're jumping into our second episode of our series Embracing the Good, Hard Life. If you missed last week, make sure you go back and listen. Havilah shares what it means to her to embrace the good, hard life. Today, she's diving into embracing the good. It's so easy to constantly be thinking about the bad things going on in our lives. Did you know your brain is created and programmed to seek out danger and anything that could destroy you? Because of this, we tend to go into fight or flight...
270. Embracing the Good, Hard Life: Navigating the Good and the Bad
August 09, 2023 10:00 - 30 minutesWe are jumping into a brand new topic this month called Embracing the Good, Hard life. There are things in life that are challenging. How do we embrace the good and the bad at the same time? In this episode, Havilah shares things that has helped her navigate both the good and the bad simultaneously, what it looks like to embrace the good, confront the hard, and finding a good balance. Havilah's Author School is BACK! We've got some exciting news - for the 3rd time, Havilah will be hosting...
269. Setting Healthy Boundaries
August 03, 2023 21:16 - 18 minutesIn today's episode, Havilah is talking about setting up healthy boundaries and using clear language. It's important to write down your boundaries. Write down your internal rules of what you will allow and what you will not allow helps keep you healthy. Ways to help set up healthy boundaries: - It's important to you know your "why" behind the "no" - Determine to follow through no matter what - Decide how you're going to communicate - It's important to use clear language - Be as kind as possi...
268. Intentional Living Part 4 >> Intentional Living: Having a Game Plan For Your Day
July 26, 2023 10:00 - 14 minutes - 10.8 MBIt's the last episode of our intentional behavior series. This whole month we've been diving into how to build a life of intention and create behaviors that help us follow through on our intentions. Today, Havilah is talking about the "when, then" plan. This is something that will help you have a game plan for your every day life. The more intention you can put towards your day and when you have a game plan for pitfalls that may occur, the better off you will be. Havilah's Author School i...
268. Intentional Living: Having a Game Plan For Your Day
July 26, 2023 10:00 - 16 minutesIt's the last episode of our intentional behavior series. This whole month we've been diving into how to build a life of intention and create behaviors that help us follow through on our intentions. Today, Havilah is talking about the "when, then" plan. This is something that will help you have a game plan for your every day life. The more intention you can put towards your day and when you have a game plan for pitfalls that may occur, the better off you will be. Havilah's Author School is...
267. Intentional Behavior Part 3
July 19, 2023 17:49 - 10 minutes - 8.02 MBThis whole month is about intentional behavior. We’re diving into how we build a life of intention and create behaviors that help us follow through on our intentions. Today, Havilah is diving into how to actually get your to-do list done. She will be discussing the importance of breaking your list into a smaller list and why this works better than having 20 things written down to do. R Researchers have suggested that we are more likely to get things done if the list only has about 3 things...
Intentional Behavior Part 3
July 19, 2023 17:49 - 10 minutes - 8.02 MBThis whole month is about intentional behavior. We’re diving into how we build a life of intention and create behaviors that help us follow through on our intentions. Today, Havilah is diving into how to actually get your to-do list done. She will be discussing the importance of breaking your list into a smaller list and why this works better than having 20 things written down to do. R Researchers have suggested that we are more likely to get things done if the list only has about 3 things...
267. Intentional Living Part 3 >> Intentional Living: How to Actually Get Your to-do List Done
July 19, 2023 17:49 - 10 minutes - 8.02 MBThis whole month is about intentional behavior. We’re diving into how we build a life of intention and create behaviors that help us follow through on our intentions. Today, Havilah is diving into how to actually get your to-do list done. She will be discussing the importance of breaking your list into a smaller list and why this works better than having 20 things written down to do. R Researchers have suggested that we are more likely to get things done if the list only has about 3 things...
267. Intentional Living: How to Actually Get Your to-do List Done
July 19, 2023 17:49 - 12 minutesThis whole month is about intentional behavior. We’re diving into how we build a life of intention and create behaviors that help us follow through on our intentions. Today, Havilah is diving into how to actually get your to-do list done. She will be discussing the importance of breaking your list into a smaller list and why this works better than having 20 things written down to do. R Researchers have suggested that we are more likely to get things done if the list only has about 3 things....
266. Intentional Living Part 2 >> Intentional Living: Adjusting Your Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations
July 13, 2023 02:52 - 12 minutes - 9.47 MBLast week, we began talking about intentional behaviors. There's a lot of power when we choose to know why we're going somewhere, and then we gain a lot of momentum to go where we want to go! Today I want to share some things I’ve read and heard on this topic of being intentional with our why’s. They did this study and they begin to learn about this intrinsic motivation versus this extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic, which is like an internal motivation or an extrinsic, which is an external ...
266. Intentional Behavior Part 2
July 13, 2023 02:52 - 12 minutes - 9.47 MBLast week, we began talking about intentional behaviors. There's a lot of power when we choose to know why we're going somewhere, and then we gain a lot of momentum to go where we want to go! Today I want to share some things I’ve read and heard on this topic of being intentional with our why’s. They did this study and they begin to learn about this intrinsic motivation versus this extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic, which is like an internal motivation or an extrinsic, which is an external ...