The Backend Engineering Show with Hussein Nasser
535 episodes - English - Latest episode: about 2 months ago - ★★★★★ - 5 ratingsWelcome to the Backend Engineering Show podcast with your host Hussein Nasser. If you like software engineering you’ve come to the right place. I discuss all sorts of software engineering technologies and news with specific focus on the backend. All opinions are my own.
Most of my content in the podcast is an audio version of videos I post on my youtube channel here http://www.youtube.com/c/HusseinNasser-software-engineering
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Episodes
Is SmartNIC a game changer for network performance? | The Backend Engineering Show
August 15, 2022 07:29 - 21 minutes - 14.7 MBIn this episode of the backend engineering show I go through the main job of the network interface controller (NIC for short) and how the datacenter is pushing it to the limit by allowing it to do more TCP/IP processing, creating what is being popularized as smartNIC. 0:00 Intro 1:20 What is a NIC? 3:40 NIC job 8:00 When does the OS get involved 12:40 Promiscuous mode 14:00 SmartNIC 18:30 Disadvantages Resources https://developer.nvidia.com/networking/ethernet-adapters https://www....
Consistent Hashing | The Backend Engineering Show
August 06, 2022 06:34 - 24 minutes - 17 MBIn this episode of the backend engineering show I discuss consistent hashing a very important algorithm in distributed computing specially in database systems such as Apache Cassandra and DynamoDB. 0:00 Intro 2:00 Problem of Distributed Systems 5:00 When to Distribute 7:00 Simple Hashing 9:30 Where Simple Hashing Breaks 11:40 Consistent Hashing 18:00 Adding a Server 21:15 Removing a Server 22:30 Limitations Buy me a coffee https://www.buymeacoffee.com/hnasr
Replacing TCP for the Datacenter - Discussing the Homa paper
August 01, 2022 06:17 - 1 hour - 57.5 MBIn this episode of the backend engineering show I go through and discuss the Homa Protocol paper which attempts to replace TCP as a protocol in the data centers. I learned a lot from this paper, I have my criticisms of certain aspects, timestamps for topics discussed below. It appears there is a path to replace TCP in the datacenter and professor John tries to explain this path. Referenced materials mentioned in the episode Overview paper https://web.stanford.edu/~ouster/cgi-bin/papers/r...
ByteDance makes Linux kernel reboots faster
July 26, 2022 08:34 - 11 minutes - 7.67 MBByteDance, the company behind TikTok is proposing few patches to the linux kernel to make kernel reboots via kexec go from 500ms down to 15 ms saving huge time in updating kernel on thousands of machines. Let us discuss this 0:00 Intro 1:30 Linux Kernel Reboot Options 2:30 how kexec works 4:00 The optimization 5:00 Going through the patch 6:00 Updating Servers at TikTok scale 9:00 Summary https://www.phoronix.com/news/Bytedance-Faster-Kexec-Reboot https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/202207...
This dangerous OpenSSL vulnerability can easily be triggered | CVE-2022-2274 Explained
July 15, 2022 11:23 - 9 minutes - 6.45 MBWe discuss the CVE-2022-2274 OpenSSL Vulnerability. The OpenSSL 3.0.4 release introduced a serious bug in the RSA implementation for X86_64 CPUs supporting the AVX512IFMA instructions. This issue makes the RSA implementation with 2048 bit private keys incorrect on such machines and memory corruption will happen during the computation. As a consequence of the memory corruption an attacker may be able to trigger a remote code execution on the machine performing the computation. 0:00 In...
NULLs are weird, PG15 makes them less weird
July 13, 2022 20:52 - 6 minutes - 4.65 MBPostgres 15 introduces a new syntax to treat nulls as not distinct. This will allow developers to create a unique constraint on nullable fields and have inserts with nulls fail instead of having it allowed based on today's standard. Fundamentals of Networking for Effective Backends udemy course (link redirects to udemy with coupon) https://network.husseinnasser.com Fundamentals of Database Engineering udemy course (link redirects to udemy with coupon) https://database.husseinnasser.com ...
This decades old function in Linux is now 4 times faster
July 12, 2022 18:09 - 7 minutes - 4.9 MBmemchr() is a function that searches in a memory block for a character, this has been recently improved in the latest linux patch and we can learn something from this improvement I think, lets discuss. https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-Kernel-Faster-memchr Fundamentals of Networking for Effective Backends udemy course (link redirects to udemy with coupon) https://network.husseinnasser.com
Amazon Aurora Supports Postgres 14
July 11, 2022 20:09 - 12 minutes - 8.4 MBAmazon Aurora PostgreSQL-Compatible Edition now supports PostgreSQL major version 14 (14.3). Let us discuss this news. https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2022/06/amazon-aurora-supports-postgresql-14/ 0:00 Intro 1:00 Database on the Cloud options 3:45 Amazon Aurora supports Postgres 14 6:00 Postgres 14 vs Postgres 13
Canada Rogers ISP Internet Outage - Early report and speculation
July 11, 2022 17:35 - 14 minutes - 9.76 MBRogers Communications, the Canadian ISP is down. One of its ASNs (they have many) is AS812 with over 5 million IP addresses. Tried a few and none of them can be pinged from the US (not sure if ICMP is disabled or not) This is a huge deal for all Canadians and businesses affected. So sorry for every one who is affected by this, and kudus to all the engineers at Rogers working to fix this for the past what? 11 hours now? If an ASN goes dark like a Facebook or a Cloudflare that isn't a big de...
Index Fill Factor | The Backend Engineering Show
July 11, 2022 13:07 - 34 minutes - 23.8 MBIn this episode of the backend engineering show I’ll discuss Fill Factor index property, an important key parameter for a good performing database. I will also discuss how it is a double edge sword and can break or Make your db. Chapters 0:00 Intro 1:48 Start of the Show 4:30 Database Storage Representation 6:30 IO Cost 10:00 Index Page 13:30 Page Splits Cost 18:00 Indexing UUIDs 19:45 FillFactor 23:15 Bad FillFactor values 26:40 Fragmentation In Indexes 30:30 Summary Fundamentals of Network...
HTTP 103 - Early Hints
July 04, 2022 02:10 - 11 minutes - 10.4 MBIn this video I discuss early hints HTTP 103 status code, the problem it solves and the challenges it has.
YugabyteDB supports read committed isolation, is that enough to compete with Google AlloyDB?
June 30, 2022 00:18 - 11 minutes - 8.21 MBYugabyteDB is a postgres compatible and cloud native database. Read committed isolation level is a critical feature and adding it might lure more postgres customer’s to move to the cloud native database. But will they compete in front of Google’s new AlloyDB ? 0:00 Yogabyte implements Read committed 4:20 Isolation Levels 8:40 Can YugabyteDB compete with Google AlloyDB? https://www.theregister.com/2022/06/28/yugabytedb_215/ https://docs.yugabyte.com/preview/architecture/transactions/expl...
YugabyteDB supports read committed isolation
June 30, 2022 00:18 - 11 minutes - 8.21 MBYugabyteDB is a postgres compatible and cloud native database. Read committed isolation level is a critical feature and adding it might lure more postgres customer’s to move to the cloud native database. But will they compete in front of Google’s new AlloyDB ? 0:00 Yogabyte implements Read committed 4:20 Isolation Levels 8:40 Can YugabyteDB compete with Google AlloyDB? https://www.theregister.com/2022/06/28/yugabytedb_215/ https://docs.yugabyte.com/preview/architecture/transactions/expli...
Mutual TLS | The Backend Engineering Show
June 27, 2022 02:34 - 51 minutes - 35.1 MBFundamentals of Networking for Effective Backends udemy course (link redirects to udemy with coupon) https://network.husseinnasser.com Transport Layer security or TLS is a protocol that encrypted the communication between client and server. TLS can also be used to authenticate the server, when the client also requires authentication this is called Mutual TLS and this is the topic of today’s show. 0:00 Introduction 2:00 What is TLS? 7:00 Server Authentication TLS 14:00 Advantages of one ...
Cloudflare Outage Analysis - Jun 21 2022
June 22, 2022 14:56 - 25 minutes - 17.2 MBIn this episode we go through the cloud flare outage blog. https://blog.cloudflare.com/cloudflare-outage-on-june-21-2022/ Fundamentals of Networking for Effective Backends udemy course (link redirects to udemy with coupon) https://network.husseinnasser.com
When CSS loads last - HTTP Request Prioritization (RFC 9218) | The Backend Engineering Show
June 20, 2022 01:36 - 36 minutes - 24.8 MBIn this episode of the backend engineering show I go through the Extensible Prioritization Scheme for HTTP. This RFC addresses the problem in HTTP where the client prefers certain requests to be served before others. This RFC was designed by Lucas Pardue from Cloudflare and Kazoo Oku from Fastly. 0:00 The Request Priority Problem 13:00 How RFC 9218 addresses the problem 25:00 HTTP/1.x Backends 32:00 Summary RFC 9218 https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc9218/
What is a zero day attack?
June 05, 2022 19:28 - 5 minutes - 4.06 MBIn this video I explain what is a zero day vulnerability or attack. Fundamentals of Networking for Effective Backends udemy course (link redirects to udemy with coupon) https://network.husseinnasser.com
This project could free millions of IPv4 addresses, but is it worth it?
June 02, 2022 13:09 - 11 minutes - 7.76 MBIPv4 UniCast Extensions Project attempts to unreserve old IPv4 subnets so they are publicly addressable. Is it worth it? Let us discuss https://blog.apnic.net/2022/05/31/cutting-down-on-ip-address-waste/Unicast Use of the Formerly Reserved 127/8 https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-schoen-intarea-unicast-127/ Unicast Use of the Lowest Address in an IPv4 Subnet https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-schoen-intarea-unicast-lowest-address/ Unicast Use of the Formerly Reserved 240/4 https:/...
Sorting in Postgres 15 is 371% faster in certain cases
June 01, 2022 20:40 - 9 minutes - 6.61 MBFantastic gains in Postgres 15! improved sorting by 371%. Normally you can avoid sorting by using an index access path. However, you can’t always have an index on every group by, order by, join or distinct predict. This will come handy. Let us discuss Resources https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=PostgreSQL-15-Faster-Sort https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-database-for-postgresql/speeding-up-sort-performance-in-postgres-15/ba-p/3396953#change3 https://www.postgr...
UDP hole punching
May 30, 2022 17:22 - 16 minutes - 11.6 MBIn this episode of the backend engineering show I discuss UDP hole punching in details. Fundamentals of Networking for Effective Backends udemy course (link redirects to udemy with coupon) https://network.husseinnasser.com
Software engineering and Nursery rhymes
May 29, 2022 02:20 - 9 minutes - 6.32 MBAs a new parent, you get exposed to a whole new world. There is this new toddler song “Five little monkeys jumping on the bed” where it starts with five monkeys jumping on the bed and one falls off the bed and the mom calls the doctor and then another monkey falls and the mom calls the doctor again. This keeps going until all monkeys are no longer on the bed. This clearly looks like a software engineering problem. In the face of it is extreme inefficiency in IO with the mom calling the doctor...
Linux Big TCP might be a game changer for Google (and other cloud providers)
May 28, 2022 02:04 - 14 minutes - 9.8 MBEric Dumazet, a Linux kernel and a Google Principal software engineer pushed a new change to Linux to support a new feature in Linux called BIg TCP. How about we discuss this resources https://www.phoronix.com/forums/forum/software/general-linux-open-source/1325637-linux-5-19-networking-brings-big-improvements-with-big-tcp-purelifi-more-hardware https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/netdevbpf/patch/[email protected]/https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2675
Redo, Undo and WAL logs | The Backend Engineering Show
May 26, 2022 04:01 - 40 minutes - 27.9 MBDatabase logging is a critical feature to maintain durability, in this show I discuss them in details 0:00 intro 1:00 ad 3:30 Start of the Show 6:00 What is commit 9:30 What if a commit fails half way 11:00 WAL 23:00 Checkpointing 27:00 fsync 33:00 Undo logs Get $20 off of your first order of cometeer quality delicious coffee https://cometeer.com/husseinnasser use coupon HUSSEIN20 ☕️
The software engineer mental health
May 20, 2022 21:03 - 19 minutes - 13.2 MBIn this video I discuss the developer mental health, stress, pressure, expectation, how to understand and shed light on the issues, and what might cause it all. Fundamentals of Networking for Effective Backends udemy course (link redirects to udemy with coupon) https://network.husseinnasser.com
Distributed Transactions are Hard (How Two-Phase Commit works)
May 11, 2022 19:42 - 16 minutes - 11.3 MBIn this video I explain how we can use two-phase commit protocol works to achieve atomic distributed transaction. 0:00 What is atomicity 3:00 Distributed Transaction 6:00 Two phase commit protocol 13:00 Limitations of Two phase commit protocol Fundamentals of Networking for Effective Backends udemy course (link redirects to udemy with coupon) https://network.husseinnasser.com Fundamentals of Database Engineering udemy course (link redirects to udemy with coupon) https://database.hussei...
Why this query is fast
May 04, 2022 19:58 - 17 minutes - 12.2 MBWelcome to another database question. In this question I created a community poll question and provided some answers. All answers can be correct of course but the question is what is the most efficient? this is what I try to explore in this video and compare how different database platforms such as mysql or Postgres differ in those implementations; Table T with three integer fields A, B and C. A has a primary key clustered index. B has a secondary index. Which query is more likely to be ...
WhatsApp went down (early report/analysis) April-28-2022
April 28, 2022 23:33 - 6 minutes - 4.46 MBWhatsApp Went down again, this is an early report with brief analysis, enjoy. https://engineering.fb.com/2020/10/21/networking-traffic/how-facebook-is-bringing-quic-to-billions/
DNS is Beautiful
April 28, 2022 00:13 - 41 minutes - 28.7 MBDNS or Domain Name System, despite its drawbacks, is brilliantly designed for scale. We can learn few lessons from this protocol especially when designing our own apps. This episode of the backend engineering show I go through how DNS works, the pros and the cons and attacks that happened on this system. 0:00 Intro 2:00 Overview DNS 7:40 How DNS works (Details) 15:44 DNS uses UDP 19:30 DNS Poisoning 24:10 is DNS really distributed? 26:30 How Attackers Abuse DNS 30:30 How Chrome overl...
The Beauty of the Internet Protocol
April 24, 2022 18:30 - 26 minutes - 18.4 MBIn this episode of the backend engineering show we discuss the Internet Protocol. A beautiful, elegant protocol that made the Internet possible. We discuss why we need an IP address, how routing is done and how VPNs take advantage of the agnostic nature to encrypt traffic
Caching is hard | The Backend Engineering Show
April 15, 2022 20:24 - 21 minutes - 14.6 MBIn this episode of the backend engineering show we discuss an article written by the Forem team illustarting a bug they recently fixed in their caching layers. They go into good level of details explaining the 3 levels of caching that they have. I go through this article in this episode and give my opinion at the end as to why we shouldn’t really cache unless we need to. Enjoy 0:00 Intro 1:00 Three level of caching summary 7:39 Edge Caching 8:30 Backend Rails Caching 10:30 Database Cach...
The Limitations of Today's SSDs | The Backend Engineering Show
April 10, 2022 19:10 - 26 minutes - 17.9 MBBackend database applications relay on good storage systems for performance, durability and low latency. SSDs have been a great invention that changed the storage game compared to mechanical drives. However, SSDs came with their own sets of problems which can cause database reads and writes to plummet after a while. This episode discusses the current limitations of SSDs include garbage collection, wear leveling, over provisioning and how zoned name spaces “may” fix this. 0:00 Intro 1:40 Bl...
Google thinks Linux is slow to reboot, so they patch it
March 30, 2022 00:27 - 9 minutes - 6.21 MBGoogle linux boxes have over 16 NVMe SSD PCIe Express drives.When a shutdown signal is sent to linux, the OS iterate through each NVMe and send synchronous request to shutdown that takes 4.5 seconds. This adds up to over a minute to achieve a reboot. Google patches linux with asynchronous Shutdown APIs Resources https://www.phoronix.com/forums/forum/phoronix/latest-phoronix-articles/1316262-google-has-a-problem-with-linux-server-reboots-too-slow-due-to-too-many-nvme-drives patch https:...
The cost of Hash tables | The Backend Engineering Show
March 29, 2022 00:52 - 26 minutes - 18 MBHash tables are effective for caching, database joins, sets to check if something is in a list and even load balancing, partitioning and sharding and many other applications. Most programming languages support hash tables. However they don’t come without their cost and limitations lets discuss this. 0:00 Intro 1:50 Arrays 3:50 CPU Cost (NUMA/M1 Ultra) 6:50 Hash Tables 10:00 Hash Join 16:00 Cost of Hash Tables 20:00 Remapping Cost Hash Tables 22:30 Consistent hashing
When hash tables reach their limit | The Backend Engineering Show
March 29, 2022 00:52 - 26 minutes - 24.3 MBHash tables are effective for caching, database joins, sets to check if something is in a list and even load balancing, partitioning and sharding and many other applications. Most programming languages support hash tables. However they don’t come without their cost and limitations lets discuss this. 0:00 Intro 1:50 Arrays 3:50 CPU Cost (NUMA/M1 Ultra) 6:50 Hash Tables 10:00 Hash Join 16:00 Cost of Hash Tables 20:00 Remapping Cost Hash Tables 22:30 Consistent hashing --- Support this podcas...
Understanding Aggregate Functions Performance | The Backend Engineering Show
March 23, 2022 18:48 - 23 minutes - 16.2 MBAggregate functions like Count, max, min, avg performance really depends on how did you tune your database for that kind of workload. Let us discuss this. 0:00 Intro 1:22 SELECT COUNT(*) 4:30 SELECT AVG(A) 5:15 SELECT MAX(A) 8:00 Best case scenario 11:30 Clustering 14:00 Clustering Sequential Writes 17:19 Clustering Random Writes 20:30 Summary
Why checking the URL won’t prevent all phishing attacks
March 22, 2022 02:16 - 6 minutes - 4.35 MB99% of phishing attacks can be avoided by looking at the URL. However this secuirty researcher proves that not enough. https://mrd0x.com/browser-in-the-browser-phishing-attack/
Its always Microservices - The Spotify Outage Explained (March 8 2022)
March 18, 2022 02:00 - 22 minutes - 15.3 MBOn March 8 2022 Spotify and Discord experienced an outage latest 2-3 hours. The reason was a configuration on the xDS formats on Google Traffic Director. Let us discuss how this change caused the outage and what Spotify did to mitigate that outage without relying on Google restoring the service back up. Resources Spotify outage https://engineering.atspotify.com/2022/03/incident-report-spotify-outage-on-march-8/ Google Cloud outage https://status.cloud.google.com/incidents/LuGcJVjNTeC5Sb9pSJ9o...
The Many Ways of DDoS | Russia-Ukraine Cyberwar
March 07, 2022 19:55 - 15 minutes - 10.7 MBThe Russia-Ukraine Cyberwar has reached a peak this past week. In this video I explain the multiple ways a Denial of Service attacks can happen and how to protect against them Intro 0:00 What is DOS? 1:00 Long running requests 1:42 Crash backend processes 3:30 Exhaust Max connections 4:25 Large response (web traffic) 5:42 Lots of requests 8:27 Complex request (Regex bug) 9:57 Prevention 12:27
Why the next Chrome version will break websites
February 24, 2022 17:55 - 8 minutes - 6.11 MBFundamentals of Database Engineering udemy course (link redirects to udemy with coupon) https://database.husseinnasser.com Chrome, Edge and Firefox are approaching version 100. that version is 3 digit version where most websites only checked two digits. You can imagine what can go wrong. Lets discuss
The Slack 2/22/22 Outage
February 23, 2022 15:07 - 12 minutes - 8.37 MBOn 2/22/2022 Slack experienced a 3 hours outage from 6AM to 9AM PST because of a configuration change. That change lead to increase load to their database infrastructure which causes queries to starve. Lets discuss https://status.slack.com/2022-02-22
Should NodeJS Support HTTP/3?
February 22, 2022 20:41 - 14 minutes - 9.75 MBIt looks like there is demand for bringing QUIC and HTTP/3 to NodeJS, someone donated $1000 dollar to make it happen. However, what are the use cases for supporting HTTP/3 in Nodejs? I talk about whether HTTP/3 should come to NodeJS in this video. https://rysolv.com/issues/detail/863986ce-c8d5-466d-abf4-476d3177452d
Canada's Banks 2022 Outage
February 17, 2022 21:59 - 11 minutes - 7.87 MBFive major Canadian banks went offline for hours blocking access to online and mobile banking as well as e-transfers for customers. There are no reports of what might have caused the outage so In this video we explain what might have caused it. https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/canadas-major-banks-go-offline-in-mysterious-hours-long-outage/
Accessing SSDs through TCP - NVMe over TCP
February 16, 2022 19:27 - 10 minutes - 7.41 MBNVMe changed the game of fast SSD storage. The spec is being extended to support networked storage, I have some doubts that would like to discuss in this video. Fundamentals of Database Engineering udemy course (link redirects to udemy with coupon) https://database.husseinnasser.com Introduction to NGINX (link redirects to udemy with coupon) https://nginx.husseinnasser.com Python on the Backend (link redirects to udemy with coupon) https://nginx.husseinnasser.com
What does it take to break Bitcoin’s encryption? | The Backend Engineering Show
February 16, 2022 04:20 - 32 minutes - 22.3 MBI stumbled upon a research calculating how big of quantum computer required to break bitcoin public key encryption. It will take them 300 million quantum bits to find the corresponding private key given a public key. That wasn’t really the most instructive thing really from that research. The interesting thing is how bitcoin design carefully hides information about the original owner which makes breaking it really challenging. In this episode I discuss what does it take to break bitcoin enc...
NodeJS introduces HTTPS Import from URLs
February 14, 2022 17:32 - 15 minutes - 10.9 MBNodeJS introduces importing network based modules in their latest release. Importing network based modules using `https:` and `http:` is supported under the `--experimental-network-imports` flag. This allows web browser-like imports to work in Node.js with a few differences due to application stability and security concerns that are different when running in a privileged environment instead of a browser sandbox. Import HTTPS https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/36328/files
First port your computer connects to browsing the Web | Backend Engineering Show
February 05, 2022 17:38 - 12 minutes - 8.66 MBI asked a question on my community post What port does your computer connect to when you visit google.com on your browser for the very first time? The answer really depends on the network configuration and that's what I discuss in this video. The answer could be HTTP port 80, HTTPS port 443, DNS port 53 or other answers that aren't even listed here including DNS over HTTPS and DNS over TLS. Lets discuss
How index page splits affect SQL query performance | The Backend Engineering Show
January 30, 2022 19:49 - 31 minutes - 29.5 MBIn this episode of the backend engineering show I discuss the ramification of index page splits which results in fragmented index yielding slow query performance when using indexes. I go through what a page is, how a page is read and written in the database and finally discuss the current solutions to address this problem such as reindexing, fill factor and choosing a good index key type. Get my Fundamentals of Database Engineering Udemy course https://database.husseinnasser.com 0:00 Intro 1:...
Index page splits | The Backend Engineering Show
January 30, 2022 19:49 - 31 minutes - 21.9 MBIn this episode of the backend engineering show I discuss the ramification of index page splits which results in fragmented index yielding slow query performance when using indexes. I go through what a page is, how a page is read and written in the database and finally discuss the current solutions to address this problem such as reindexing, fill factor and choosing a good index key type. Get my Fundamentals of Database Engineering Udemy course https://database.husseinnasser.com 0:00 Intro 1:...
Multi-tenancy architecture | The Backend Engineering Show
January 23, 2022 20:41 - 26 minutes - 18 MBMultitenancy refers to placing two or more clients, customers or tenants so they share a single resource. The idea behind Multitenancy is to save on resources instead of giving each client its own resource (storage, app, memory, network etc..). You slice each part and give it to dedicated client. The number one rule is those tenants shouldn’t be aware of the existence of other tenants, they need to be completed isolated, no one tenant can read or influence the other’s tenant share. If this i...
Is ULTRARAM a game changer? | Backend Engineering Show
January 19, 2022 02:19 - 20 minutes - 14.3 MBScientists at the Physics and Engineering Department of the UK’s Lancaster University published a new paper describing ULTRARAM. A Low-Energy, High-Endurance, Compound-Semiconductor Memory on Silicon. I think this tech is a game changer but I still have my doubts. Let us discuss 0:00 Intro 0:30 RAM 4:00 SSD 11:00 UltraRAM 17:30 Doubts * RAM (Dynamic RAM) * Fast access with capacitors * random access * requires power to be refreshed * Flash NAND (SSD) * Pros fast random acces...