Web Directions Podcast
196 episodes - English - Latest episode: over 12 years ago -Sessions from the Web Directions conference series. Sessions are © Web Directions and the respective speakers. See individual sessions for license details.
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Episodes
Tom Hughes-Croucher - Up and Running with Node.js
November 06, 2011 08:26 - 52 minutes - 36 MBLearn how to build high performance Internet and web applications with Node.js. In is session Tom Hughes-Croucher will demonstrate how to quickly build a high performance chat server using Node.js. This live coding exercise will provide a real insight into what it looks like to build a project in server-side Javascript. We will also cover how to deploy Node applications in production and look at just how far Node can really scale… A million connections and beyond? Tom Hughes-Croucher is the ...
Christopher Giffard - HTML5 Video, Captioning, and Timed Metadata
November 06, 2011 08:12 - 53 minutes - 45.2 MBHTML5 Video has been a hot topic for the last couple of years - but with new additions to the specification, we can now extend it beyond all recognition. In this session we’ll look at basic timed data, closed captioning and more - and as we adventure into more sophisticated uses of the technology, we’ll explore what additional value timed data can provide to your video, with attention paid to how you can implement it today. The key focuses of this session will be accessibility, searchable me...
Julio Cesar Ody - CSS3 and Backbone.js for killer mobile apps
November 06, 2011 07:53 - 34 minutes - 24.9 MBLearn how to build great looking and high performance mobile web applications leveraging CSS3 animations and Backbone.js, along with some cool use cases for geolocation and localStorage. This session will describe in length a boilerplate you can use for developing your own apps aimed at A grade mobile devices and tablets. Julio has been a full-stack software developer for the 12 years of his career, and during this time he went from being a GNU/Linux and Unix sysadmin, to a VoIP PBX archite...
Adam Bell & David Peterson - Bringing History Alive: Telling stories with Linked Data and open source tools
November 06, 2011 07:22 - 49 minutes - 40.4 MBThe Australian War Memorial is connecting and enriching online archives and collections toward building a platform for telling history. Through Drupal 7 and Linked Data, the Memorial intends to develop tools that designers, researchers and historians can use to help find new ways of building historical narratives. During this session we will demonstrate some early prototypes and experiments, key uses of Linked Data, practical publishing tools and discuss how this work is unfolding inside one...
Gian Wild - WCAG2 accessibility: the hidden nuggets
November 06, 2011 00:51 - 50 minutes - 38.2 MBWCAG2 is a long series of documents. Gian Wild knows this better than most: she spent six years on the W3C WCAG Working Group writing them. It’s a lot to ask that every developer and project manager read the complete guidelines, including informative content. However there are some very useful - and sometimes hidden - techniques in WCAG2. And some are even at Level AAA. Join Gian to find out what these are. Gian has worked in the accessibility industry since 1998 and consulted on the develop...
Robert O’Callahan - The Open Web Platform in the mobile era
November 06, 2011 00:42 - 50 minutes - 41.1 MBMozilla is dedicated to ensuring that competition and innovation thrive on the Internet. In the last decade we rescued the Web from a near-monopoly and restored competition to the browser market. Now the standards-based Web platform is evolving rapidly - mostly in a good direction - and is defeating some of its competitors, such as proprietary browser plugins. However, it faces fresh challenges, in particular, single-vendor platforms for mobile devices that are attracting application develope...
Peter Mika - Making the Web searchable
November 06, 2011 00:13 - 53 minutes - 42.9 MBThe key idea of the Semantic Web is to make information on the Web easily consumable by machines. As machines start to understand web pages as sources of data that can be easily combined with other public data on the Web, the promise is that search on the Web will move well beyond the current paradigm of retrieving pages by keywords. Instead, search engines will start to answer complex queries based on the cumulative knowledge of the Web. In this presentation, we overview the basic set of te...
Rob Manson - Web standards based Augmented Reality
November 05, 2011 23:54 - 50 minutes - 44.1 MBAugmented Reality lets you peel away the blinkers from your real world eyes to see the rich data and information that exists all around you. But up until now it has relied largely on proprietary tools and standards. Finally, we’re close to being able to augment our world using web technologies. Soon this will be a common part of the web browsing and mobile device experience. Now is the time to look at these future trends and the state of a specific list of API standardisation activities and t...
Michael Honey & Tim Riley - Web or native? Smart choices for smartphone apps
November 05, 2011 23:40 - 52 minutes - 39.8 MBComputers are increasingly being held in the hand rather than sitting atop lap or desk. We now have to consider how our products will work underneath a finger instead of a mouse cursor. Increasingly, too, those products are being delivered as native applications, capable of fully exploiting device capabilities. That has ramifications not only for the way those projects get built, but also how we structure the businesses that support them. In this session, Michael Honey and Tim Riley answer t...
Lisa Herrod - Accessibility for web teams: Recategorising WCAG 2 using a role-based approach
November 05, 2011 23:13 - 44 minutes - 33.8 MBThe application of web accessibility guidelines in a holistic manner across all roles of a web team continues to encounter resistance. This is often due to a lack of resources and knowledge, or no sense of relevancy in certain web roles. While there is solid support of the guidelines by accessibility activists and many front-end developers, a large percentage of other web practitioners in non-technical roles do not know how to integrate accessible design practices into their daily work, despi...
Natalie Downe & Simon Willison - Lanyrd: From side project to startup
November 05, 2011 22:57 - 48 minutes - 36.7 MBNatalie and Simon launched the first version of Lanyrd.com while on honeymoon in Casablanca. As the site took off, they realised their side project was destined to become something much bigger. This talk will tell the story of Lanyrd, from a two-week proof of concept to a full-fledged startup via three intensive months of Y Combinator in Silicon Valley. They’ll share the trials, tribulations and lessons they learned along the way. This is the talk they wish they’d heard before they got starte...
Greg Rewis - Move it! CSS3 Transitions and Animations
November 05, 2011 22:41 - 59 minutes - 43.6 MBSince the early days of the web, the only reliable way to get movement on your site was through Flash, or more recently, Javascript. But now, with WebKit and Mozilla leading the way, transformations and transitions can be done with pure CSS, even on mobile devices. And for those in need of even more movement, CSS3 provides for keyframe-based animations. In this session, we’ll take a look at all of the possibilities and explore what works and where - from the simplest effects, to creative usab...
Scott Bryant & Simon Wright - Designing for change and disruption
November 05, 2011 22:33 - 53 minutes - 40.4 MBChange is never a smooth process. How do know when disruption is useful and how do you cope with the feedback on it? Recently news.com.au, a national news website with large numbers of daily visitors, underwent a major upgrade which tore down existing and perhaps "expected" ways of presenting news. At the heart of the redesign was a desire for change that motivated and challenged every aspect of the team’s design thinking and process. In this co-piloted session Simon and Scott will fly you o...
Mike Kuniavsky - Design [in|for|and] the age of ubiquitous computing
November 05, 2011 22:18 - 52 minutes - 37 MBLet’s start with the assumption that computing and networking are as cheap to incorporate into product designs as plastic and aluminum. Anything can tweet, everything knows about everything. The cloud extends from smart speed bumps to exurban data systems, passing through us in the process. We’re basically there technologically today, and over the next [pick a date range] years, we’ll be there distribution-wise. Here’s the issue: now that we have this power what do we do with it? Yes we can ...
Dmitry Baranovskiy - How to be a Web Sorcerer
November 05, 2011 22:05 - 34 minutes - 24.8 MBThe Web is a purely magical substance that is built by us, web developers. How can it be that the web is totally technical, yet we all know some kids who we can call magicians of the Web. Some people believe that it’s all about skills, but Dmitry reckons it’s more about bravely, grit and a tiny bit of madness. Do you want to change the Web, not just build it? Do you want to know the secret spells? Do you want to know the source of all this unlimited power? Come and find out. Dmitry has over...
Damon Oehlman - HTML5 API Soup
October 23, 2011 00:17 - 53 minutes - 42.4 MBMost jaw-dropping apps use multiple HTML5 APIs in creative ways, rather than a single API in isolation. In this session we will explore ways you can implement and combine HTML APIs such as websockets, web workers, local storage, and geolocation to make awesome web apps. Then just for fun we’ll look at how you can dish up something really special by throwing in ingredients like canvas, video and WebGL. Damon Oehlman is an experienced web and mobile applications developer. He has worked with s...
Addy Osmani - Scalable JavaScript Design Patterns
October 22, 2011 23:24 - 52 minutes - 36.1 MBWould you like to learn how to organize your JavaScript applications so they can scale? Be able to write apps that support switching out Dojo or jQuery without rewriting a line of code? Application architecture is one of those aspects to development where minor problems can lead to major issues later on if it isn’t done right. Developers writing client-side apps these days usually use a combination of MVC, modules, widgets, plugins and frameworks for theirs. Whilst this works great for apps ...
Andrew Fisher - How the web is going physical
October 22, 2011 23:03 - 51 minutes - 40.4 MBIn 2020 there will be nearly 10 times as many Internet connected devices as there are human beings on this planet. The majority of these will not have web browsers. When it comes to the "Internet of Things", web designers and developers are uniquely placed to create, connect and produce innovative new ways for these devices to be used. We are used to mashing up disconnected data sets, playing with APIs and designing for constantly moving standards in order to create compelling digital user e...
Jeremy Ashkenas - A Cup of CoffeeScript
October 22, 2011 22:45 - 50 minutes - 38.8 MBAfter a lost decade in the wilderness, JavaScript is starting to change and evolve. We’ll look at CoffeeScript, a little language that compiles into JavaScript, providing concise ways to to write many common JavaScript patterns. We’ll cover syntactic and semantic pain points, polyfills, sugar, and how you can start experimenting with your own flavor of JS. Jeremy Ashkenas is part of the Interactive News team at the New York Times, as well as the lead developer of DocumentCloud, helping news ...
Tom Coates - Opening keynote: A New Network
August 07, 2011 01:01 - 1 hour - 36 MBThe work we’re collectively doing-opening up gradually all of human information and media, making it recombinable, helping people create and share their work-is a huge unspoken, sexy, world-redefining mission. It’s a mission that many of us have become blasé about, almost unaware of. It’s a project so large that it’s hard to get a grasp on. And the next few years are going to get even more interesting as the network pervades physical objects and environments, sensing and manifesting info...
Douglas Crockford - Server Side JavaScript
August 07, 2011 00:54 - 56 minutes - 34.1 MBWe first got server side JavaScript in 1996. This time, we’re going to get it right. Douglas Crockford is an American computer programmer and entrepreneur, best known for his ongoing involvement in the development of the JavaScript language, and for having popularized the data format JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). He is currently a senior JavaScript architect at Yahoo!, and is also a writer and speaker on JavaScript, JSON, and related web technologies. Licensed as Creative Commons Attri...
Addy Osmani - Tools for jQuery Application Architecture
August 07, 2011 00:49 - 55 minutes - 32.1 MBModern JavaScript development often has to address a number of different concerns ranging from the use of architectural patterns such as MVC to improve code organisation, through to JavaScript templating, cross-browser storage, routing/bookmarking, script loading, feature detection and more. In this talk, JavaScript developer and jQuery Core Bug Triage & Docs team member Addy Osmani discusses tools that can simplify your development process significantly. Addy Osmani is a popular JavaS...
Stephanie (Sullivan) Rewis - CSS3 - the Web’s Swiss Army Knife
August 07, 2011 00:20 - 52 minutes - 24.5 MBThroughout the years, the Swiss Army Knife has been the trusted companion of scouts and explorers alike, and for front-end developers, CSS has been a trusty, if sometimes frustrating, companion. And just as blades, scissors and sundry tools have been added to the Swiss Army Knife, with CSS3, we have new tools and implements of creativity, and some tried and true tools have been honed and sharpened. Of course the key to success is knowing which of the many tools to use and how to wield them ...
Lea Verou - Mastering CSS3 gradients
August 07, 2011 00:15 - 48 minutes - 29.3 MBWith most browsers adding increasing support, and the simplicity of providing fallbacks for those that don’t, CSS3 gradients are something we can start to use right now. They benefit our users with faster websites and ourselves with more time in our hands to spend in other things, since they are easy to create, edit and update. A very powerful feature that can also be utilized for a surprising number of design effects, even ones that don’t resemble gradients at all. In this talk, Lea will exp...
Brian Suda - Visualising Data
August 07, 2011 00:13 - 50 minutes - 29.9 MBThe Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is estimated to produce 15 petabytes of data per year. This is difficult to store let alone understand! With connected devices quickly out numbering connected people, we are soon going to be swamped with data. Visualising the constant stream of information we are collecting so that it can be better understood is going to be a critical task. In this presentation, I’ll walk you through a quick overview of some basic chart and graph design, then look at how easy...
Jonathan Stark - The mobile frameworks landscape
August 07, 2011 00:11 - 54 minutes - 36.4 MBThere’s little hotter in the world of web development right now than creating optimized web experiences and applications for mobile web enabled devices like iPhone, Android, iPad and webOS. Luckily, there’s a number of excellent HTML/CSS/Javascript frameworks to help developers create native-like experiences for these devices. In this session, Jonathan Stark takes an in depth look at several of these, including JQTouch, JQuery Mobile and SenchaTouch, comparing and contrasting their a...
Michael Mahemoff - HTML5 offline for fun and performance
August 07, 2011 00:08 - 54 minutes - 34.7 MBWith HTML5, we can now cache our applications and the data that goes with them. This means our favourite programming platform can now be used to build apps that work offline, survive intermittent downtimes, and gain in performance from cached content. In this session we’ll get hands-on with the application cache to make the app run when it’s not online. We’ll check out the techniques for client-side persistence: web storage and indexed database. Finally, we’ll look at the latest techn...
Bruce Lawson - Native multimedia with HTML5
August 07, 2011 00:04 - 56 minutes - 31 MBA much-hyped feature of HTML5 is native multimedia. In this session we’ll look at embedding. We’ll look at the pros and the cons of HTML5 multimedia and see how to write simple controls with JavaScript. Most excitingly, we’ll also look at how HTML5 builds in support for subtitles and captions for multimedia accessibility. And you might pick up a Turkish dancing tip on the way. Bruce evangelises Open Web Standards for Opera. He’s currently working with the British Standards Institution ...
Hannah Donovan - Designing without the browser
August 07, 2011 00:02 - 52 minutes - 31.1 MBInnovation is intensifying off the browser - the things we use everyday are increasingly controlled by touch, gesture and voice. And we, as interaction designers, are faced with a challenge that’s the opposite of our browser-based one-man-shop: there’s suddenly a gulf of production between our concept and the final product; the means of production is as tricky to navigate as a roster of Tolstoy characters; mistakes are expensive; and everyone speaks a different language. Sound dan...
Hannah Donovan - Designing without the browser
August 07, 2011 00:02 - 52 minutes - 31.1 MBInnovation is intensifying off the browser - the things we use everyday are increasingly controlled by touch, gesture and voice. And we, as interaction designers, are faced with a challenge that’s the opposite of our browser-based one-man-shop: there’s suddenly a gulf of production between our concept and the final product; the means of production is as tricky to navigate as a roster of Tolstoy characters; mistakes are expensive; and everyone speaks a different language. Sound dan...
Sebastian Deterding - Closing keynote: Don’t play games with me with me
August 06, 2011 23:59 - 1 hour - 37.1 MBIn 1960, Milton Bradley published "The Game of Life": a capitalist wet dream of a board game, won by the lucky one who retired richest. Today, "gamification" vendors still take Milton Bradley seriously. From losing weight to saving Africa, from watching TV to matching DNA sequences: there’s nothing that couldn’t be made more fun by adding points, badges, and other elements from video games. At least that’s the selling proposition. Yet the debate on gamification is deeply split. On the one ha...
Stephen P Anderson - Keynote: Sustaining Passionate Users
June 26, 2011 02:02 - 56 minutes - 33.5 MBThat user who just signed up is about to bail. And a thousand other people just stopped in but didn’t even bother to register. Your product is great, but your users don’t stay long enough to find that out. The first fifteen minutes of your product are the most important and they’re so often squandered. But! We’re starting to figure out what works and what does not. There’s no longer any excuse to give your visitors a poor initial experience. Learn how great user interfaces entice people right...
Stephen P Anderson - Keynote: Sustaining Passionate Users
June 26, 2011 02:02 - 56 minutes - 33.5 MBThat user who just signed up is about to bail. And a thousand other people just stopped in but didn’t even bother to register. Your product is great, but your users don’t stay long enough to find that out. The first fifteen minutes of your product are the most important and they’re so often squandered. But! We’re starting to figure out what works and what does not. There’s no longer any excuse to give your visitors a poor initial experience. Learn how great user interfaces entice people right...
Ross Boucher - Quality Control: Testing and debugging your apps
June 12, 2011 05:45 - 54 minutes - 37.8 MBDevelopers have long been able to use an array of debugging, profiling and other testing tools to ensure application quality and performance. More recently, web developers have started to rely on increasingly sophisticated tools to help test their web sites and applications. But particularly in the mobile space, when developing sophisticated applications with web technologies, testing presents significant challenges. Ross Boucher, one of the developers of Objective-J, the Cappuccino web ap...
Dave Balmer - Rockstar graphics with HTML5
June 12, 2011 05:35 - 55 minutes - 31 MBIn this session Dave will cover high-performance presentation and animation using HTML5, JavaScript, CSS3 and Canvas. Examples will include mobile-friendly techniques you can use today for creating game effects and "flashy" user experiences across a range of browsers and devices. As a Senior Software Engineer with Palm Developer Relations, Dave is a JavaScript guru currently focused on mobile app development. He is the creator of four JavaScript application frameworks, including Jo, ...
Dave Orchard - Offline Web Apps with HTML5
June 12, 2011 05:32 - 54 minutes - 33.7 MBThere’s an old expression, that there are only 2 hard problems in computing: naming, cache invalidation and off-by-one errors. Building offline web apps is all about those hard problems. There are some different ways of storing stuff - such as html5 caching, html5 storage, sqllite, and even native stores such as contacts and calendars - and we’ll sing their praises. But the really hard problems are knowing what to store, whether the stuff is still good or needs refreshing, how much to st...
Relly Annett-Baker - Content Strategy for Apps
June 12, 2011 05:30 - 53 minutes - 29.9 MBDear app makers, I love the stuff you have been putting out recently. Supercool maps, guides, syncing and such make my day. There’s just one little thing. As a content strategist and writer, I’ve noticed that some of your instructions aren’t as clear as they could be. The experience is not as fulfilling as it might be. I know this might not be your favourite part of the process. In fact, they are probably the bits chucked in to get it out the door. And so I have created a session to help eas...
Chris Wilson - Keynote: The Convergence of All Things
June 12, 2011 05:27 - 53 minutes - 31.3 MBThis keynote will focus on the unique potential offered to web developers - the ability to use the web platform to build compelling applications that reach across different devices, scenarios and environments. In discussing the approaches necessary to deliver great experiences across all these spaces, we will also uncover unique opportunities in a platform that reaches from mobile phones to the biggest display screen in your house. Chris Wilson is a Developer Advocate at Google Inc. He began...
Robby Ingebretsen - Get your game on: HTML5 for game building
June 12, 2011 05:22 - 52 minutes - 31.1 MBYou’ve seen a lot of demos, but is HTML5 really ready for primetime? We made an HTML5-based pool game with the explicit goal of creating an experience that defies your expectations for what a browser can do. In this session we’ll take you through the challenges and triumphs of working with this new technology. For the experienced HTML5 dev, we’ll share tips and tricks. For the rest of us, it will be a great primer on the exciting potential that HTML5 brings to the web. Robby Ingebretsen is...
Juliette Melton - Mobile User Experience Research
May 29, 2011 05:18 - 47 minutes - 25.3 MBMost user experience research takes place sitting behind a computer. And yet these days, most networked experiences are happening on mobile devices. Some common user experience research methods work well in a mobile environment - others don’t. In this talk, Juliette Melton will guide you through how to use some great existing research methods in a mobile context, how to incorporate some new (and fun!) methods into your arsenal, and propose next generation tools and services to make mobile use...
Dan Saffer - Top Ten Things To Tackle Touchscreens
May 29, 2011 04:27 - 50 minutes - 32.1 MBThe average size of an adult human’s finger pad is 10-14mm. The average size of a cursor or stylus tip is 1-2mm. That fact alone means that designing native touchscreen apps is an entirely different thing than designing web, desktop, or even traditional mobile apps. This talk outlines the most important concepts, guidelines, and practices to keep in mind when designing with fingers and hands in mind. We’ll cover interaction zones (where it’s easiest for fingers to reach), touch targets (s...
Daniel Davis - Widgets in Theory and Practice
May 29, 2011 04:12 - 56 minutes - 37.7 MBIn the absence of a "Widgets for Dummies" book being available at your local bookstore, this presentation will try to bring you up-to-speed with what you need to know to start developing widgets. Split into two parts, we’ll cover the theory behind widgets: * seriously, yet another platform to code for?! - vendor and manufacturer support for widgets & compatible development frameworks * what widgets are good for - save your users (and yourself) time, money and frustration * what widgets a...
Daniels Lee (TM) - Designing for the 10 foot UI
May 29, 2011 03:33 - 1 hour - 42.2 MBThe web platform has already taken a center role in our desktop and mobile computing lives. The next space for the web platform to take over is the biggest screen in your house - the TV in your living room. However, designing for television has its own set of demands, different than designing for desktop and mobile implementations. This talk outlines the most important best practices to keep in mind when designing web applications for TV. We’ll cover issues like directional pad navigation, us...
Aaron Parecki - Geolocation
May 29, 2011 03:27 - 52 minutes - 30.7 MBWhile location-based mobile apps are becoming increasingly popular, they are still relatively new. Special considerations need to be made for battery life and handling large data sets of geolocated data. The good news is there are many services and technologies you can use to assist you in building mobile location-based apps. In this session, Aaron Parecki, co-founder of Geoloqi.com, shows you services you can leverage to do things like nearby business lookups, location-based trigge...
Divya Manian - Creative CSS3
May 29, 2011 02:11 - 49 minutes - 25.5 MBBeing a front-end designer used to mean pixel hacking and endless rounds of pain while trying to make sites and applications "look the same in each browser". Thankfully, we now live in more interesting times. But as we strive to make our web apps a pleasure to use, the vast array of tools and techniques available to us present their own set of challenges. In this session you will learn to ask the right questions to guide your choice of tools and the design. Find out how to creatively use n...
Dave Balmer - HTML5 Graphics: Canvas Deep Dive
May 29, 2011 01:49 - 55 minutes - 31 MBThe Canvas tag has been around for a while, and HTML5 has given it more visibility. It’s now finding its way into most mobile browsers, and even a majority of desktop browsers. This talk will give a solid overview of what the canvas tag is, what it can do, and how it compares with other technologies like SVG and Flash. Several practical code examples will show how you can use it along with CSS3 and other HTML5 goodies to make your web apps more featured, efficient and downright cool. As a Se...
Rachel Hinman - Mobile Prototyping Essentials
May 29, 2011 01:22 - 42 minutes - 27.2 MBWe’ve heard it all before: prototype, prototype, prototype. It’s a standard step in almost any design process - but often the first step skipped in time and budget constrained projects. While prototyping is considered a standard step in any UX design process, it is an *essential* part of the mobile UX process. This talk will outline why prototyping is essential to part of the mobile UX process and how prolific prototyping is a necessary step for designers keen to grow the ruthless editing ski...
Nicholas Zakas - Mobile web speed bumps
May 29, 2011 01:06 - 57 minutes - 40.1 MBAs browsers explode with new capabilities and migrate onto devices users can be left wondering, "what’s taking so long?" Learn how HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and the web itself conspire against a fast-running application and simple tips to create a snappy interface that delight users instead of frustrating them. Nicholas C. Zakas is principal front-end engineer for the Yahoo! homepage, a contributor to YUI, and an author. Nicholas has written Professional JavaScript for Web Developers, Profe...
Aaron Weyenberg - Realistic UI design
May 29, 2011 00:32 - 53 minutes - 31.1 MBA new generation of touch devices have proven to be exciting playgrounds for app designers. And with every new product we create, we have the opportunity to offer the most clear and efficient experience for our users. Recent UI trends often lean to realistic, faithful representations of analog controls and features. These designs can offer advantages, but also come with their own set of hazards. In this session Aaron will lead you on a tour of current trends and practices, examining the stre...
Jason Grigsby - Keynote: Native is easy. Mobile web is freaking hard!
May 29, 2011 00:18 - 46 minutes - 27.6 MBNo one who advocates for the mobile web wants to admit it, but it is true. Native is easier. It’s easier to sell to stakeholders. Easier to monetize. And most importantly, easier to implement. Argue about programming languages, memory management and reach all you want. There is one undeniable disadvantage that the mobile web faces that native apps don’t - over a decade of legacy code, cruft and entrenched organizational politics. But the web is essential. Even companies whose businesses ar...