Does democracy die in darkness, as the saying suggests?
This book reveals that modern democracy was born in
secrecy, despite the widespread conviction that
transparency was its very essence.
In the years preceding the American and French
revolutions, state secrecy came to be seen as despotic—an instrument of monarchy. But as revolutionaries sought to fashion representative government, they faced a dilemma.
In a context where gaining public trust seemed to demand transparency, was secrecy ever legitimate? Whether in Philadelphia or Paris, establishing popular sovereignty required navigating between an ideological imperative to eradicate secrets from the state and a practical need to limit transparency in government.
Unveiling modern democracy’s surprisingly shadowy
origins, Carter reshapes our understanding of how
government by and for the people emerged during the
Age of Revolutions.



KATLYN MARIE CARTER is assistant professor of history at the University of Notre Dame. She lives in
South Bend, IN.


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