Type I: Overestimations of the group — its power and morality

Illusions of invulnerability create excessive optimism and encourage risk-taking.

Unquestioned belief in the morality of the group, causes members to ignore the consequences of their actions.


Type II: Closed-mindedness

Rationalizing warnings that might challenge the group's assumptions.

Stereotyping those who are opposed to the group as weak, evil, biased, spiteful, impotent, or stupid.


Type III: Pressures toward uniformity

Self-censorship of ideas that deviate from the apparent group consensus.
In illusions of unanimity among group members, silence is viewed as agreement.

Direct pressure to conform is placed on any member who questions the group, couched in terms of "disloyalty"

Mindguards— self-appointed members who shield the group from dissenting information.