HUB History - Our Favorite Stories from Boston History artwork

HUB History - Our Favorite Stories from Boston History

334 episodes - English - Latest episode: 10 months ago - ★★★★★ - 139 ratings

Where two history buffs go far beyond the Freedom Trail to share our favorite stories from the history of Boston, the hub of the universe.

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Episodes

The Lioness of Boston, with Emily Franklin

September 10, 2023 22:00 - 51 minutes - 41 MB

Isabella Stewart Gardner was a consummate collector, generous philanthropist, and rabid Red Sox fan.  Today, she’s best known as the namesake of an art museum in Boston’s Fenway neighborhood (and if we’re being honest, the museum is probably best known for a famous 1990 heist).  This week, Jake interviews author Emily Franklin, whose new novel The Lioness of Boston explores the person behind the Gardner fortune.  They discuss the great romance, tragedy, and scandal of Isabella’s life, the dif...

Disasters and Disaster Relief (episode 282)

August 27, 2023 22:00 - 1 hour - 52.7 MB

Enjoy two classic stories this week. First up is the story of the Cocoanut Grove fire. In November 1942, Boston was on a wartime footing, business was booming, and the streets were packed with soldiers and sailors on their way to fronts around the world. On the Saturday after Thanksgiving, a fire broke out at the popular Cocoanut Grove nightclub, and in the moments that followed, 492 people were killed, making it Boston’s most deadly disaster. After that, the podcast visits December 1917, whe...

JFK and PT-109, 80 years later

August 13, 2023 22:00 - 55 minutes - 44.7 MB

80 years ago this month, on a tiny Pacific island, a legend was born. In the darkness before dawn on August 2, 1943, a Japanese destroyer rammed and sank a small, plywood boat commanded by a 26 year old Lieutenant Junior Grade named John Fitzgerald Kennedy. In the hours and days that followed, young Jack Kennedy would prove to be a true American hero, swimming mile after mile through shark and crocodile infested waters, while towing an injured crew member by a strap clenched in his teeth. In...

Bostonians on the Pacific

July 30, 2023 22:00 - 2 hours - 107 MB

This week, enjoy three classic stories about Bostonians and their adventures on the Pacific Ocean. First, we’ll hear about the voyages of the Columbia to the Pacific Northwest starting in 1787, then we’ll move on to the Congregational missionaries who descended on Hawaii in 1823, and finally, we’ll talk about the Boston whaler who brought the industrial revolution to Spanish California. While you’re listening to these three classic stories, see if you can figure out what I’m working on that...

Granite, Glass, and the Construction of King’s Chapel

July 16, 2023 22:00 - 50 minutes - 40.4 MB

This week's story ties one of modern Boston’s iconic Freedom Trail sites to the earliest days of English settlement in the Shawmut Peninsula. It’s a story that ties the first Puritan to die in Boston to the hated Royal governor Edmund Andros, and it ties some of the earliest non-English immigrants in Boston to Ben Franklin and Abigail Adams through the invention of two local industries. King’s Chapel is beloved in Boston today, but it was seen as an unwelcome invasion when it was first prop...

The Adamses Declare Independence

July 02, 2023 22:00 - 27 minutes - 22.2 MB

Between the John Adams miniseries on HBO and the musical 1776, everyone knows that John Adams was one of the leading voices for independence in the Continental Congress. And along with negotiating the treaty of Paris and keeping the US out of the Quasi War, Adams always considered the Declaration one of his chief accomplishments. 50 years after Congress adopted it, John Adams remembered it on the morning of July 4, 1826, remarking “it is a great day. It is a good day.” That evening, he die...

Thomas Jefferson in Boston

June 18, 2023 22:00 - 43 minutes - 34.6 MB

Thomas Jefferson visited Boston in 1784, arriving in town on June 18th. That also happened to be the same day when Abigail Adams left her home in Quincy to start making her way to France to join John at his diplomatic posting, though her ship didn’t actually leave Boston until the next day. In this episode, we’ll explore how the friendship that was kindled during their single day together in Boston carried on through their shared months in France, their decades of correspondence, and even t...

Revolution's Edge, with Patrick Gabridge and Nikki Stewart

June 04, 2023 22:00 - 44 minutes - 33.9 MB

The new play “Revolution’s Edge” will debut at Old North Church in June 2023. It tells the story of three Bostonians and their families on the eve of the Revolution. Mather Byles is the Loyalist rector of Old North Church, Cato is an African American man who’s enslaved by Byles, and John Pulling is a whiggish ship’s captain and member of the Old North vestry. The three men have very different stations in life, but they all have young families with intertwined lives, and on April 18, 1775, ...

The Lost Viking City on the Charles

May 21, 2023 22:00 - 1 hour - 53.6 MB

If you walk down Mount Auburn Street in Cambridge, you might notice a small stone marker that states, “on this spot in the year 1000, Leif Erikson built his house in Vineland.” You might be surprised to learn that Leif Erikson had a house in Cambridge, and if so, you’ll be even more surprised to learn that the lower Charles River was the seat of a thriving Norse city around the turn of the first millennium. Learn about Harvard professor Eben Norton Horsford’s theory that the legendary Vikin...

The Schuyler Sisters in Boston

May 07, 2023 22:00 - 38 minutes - 31 MB

Thanks to the Hamilton musical, it’s almost impossible to hear the names Angelica, Eliza, and Peggy without bursting into song. The play made the three eldest daughters of Philip Schuyler famous, and in this episode we’re talking about the first two sisters, but mostly just Angelica. Fans know that there was a flirtation between Angelica and Hamilton, but that relationship was exaggerated for the show. Angelica’s actual romance and marriage were downplayed for the show, but it was this uni...

When Boston Brought Baseball to Britain

April 23, 2023 22:00 - 51 minutes - 41.6 MB

Spring in Boston means baseball, and this week we're talking about the time in 1874 when the Boston Red Stockings tried to bring America’s national pastime to Britain.  120 years before the World Baseball Classic, Boston’s biggest baseball promoter did his level best to get the cricket fans in “jolly old” hooked on his game… and the fact that he could sell them all the mitts, bats, and gloves they would need was just a happy accident, I’m sure.  Red Stockings pitcher and future sporting goods...

The Persuasive Powers of John Adams

April 09, 2023 22:00 - 53 minutes - 42.7 MB

John Adams later described the prosecution of William Corbet as a case “of an extraordinary Character, in which I was engaged and which cost me no small Portion of Anxiety.” In 1769, four common sailors were brought into Boston to stand trial for murder. The victim was an officer in the royal navy, and the crime had taken place just off Cape Ann, almost within sight of home. As Boston suffered under military occupation, could a military victim receive justice in a radicalized Boston? And ...

The Court Street Mutiny

March 26, 2023 22:00 - 40 minutes - 32.3 MB

On April 9, 1863, a shooting was carried out in a basement just off of Court Street, behind Boston’s Old City Hall. The gunman was a Union cavalry officer, who belonged to one of Brahmin Boston’s most wealthy families. The victim was a new Irish American recruit in his brigade. The shooting would result in accusations of cowardice and an execution, but was either justified? Full show notes: http://HUBhistory.com/271 Support us: http://patreon.com/HUBhistory

Bonus: My Personal Evacuation Day

March 17, 2023 16:00 - 4 minutes - 3.83 MB

Just a quick bonus episode, so I can tell you about a change to my personal life and what it means for the show.

The Gettysburg Cyclorama: Mystery of the South End

March 12, 2023 22:00 - 51 minutes - 41.7 MB

Starting in 1884, audiences of veterans, schoolchildren, and everyday Bostonians streamed into a cavernous, castle-like building on Tremont Street in the South End to witness the closest thing to virtual reality that existed at the time. The building still exists, though a series of renovations have rendered it much more ordinary and less palatial than it was back then. The painting still exists too, and it still offers an immersive experience for visitors that blends reality and art, but n...

Annie Burton’s Restaurant

February 26, 2023 23:00 - 52 minutes - 42.2 MB

Annie L. Burton was an entrepreneur and restaurateur, who moved to Boston as a young woman after spending her childhood enslaved on an Alabama plantation. Annie spent decades as a domestic servant, first in the south, and then in the north, in Newton, the South End, Wellesley, Jamaica Plain, and other neighborhoods in and around Boston. For most Black women in the years and decades after emancipation, cooking, cleaning, raising children, and washing and ironing for white families were among...

Joseph Lee and his Bread Machines (episode 268)

February 12, 2023 23:00 - 56 minutes - 45.1 MB

Joseph Lee was a hotelier, caterer, and one of the richest men in his adopted hometown of Newton. By the time of his death in 1908, Lee had worked as a servant, a baker, and for the National Coast Survey; he had worked on ships, in hotels, and at amusement parks. He had earned a vast fortune in hotels, lost most of it, and earned another one through his patented inventions that helped change the way Americans eat. He had entertained English nobles and American presidents. And he had raise...

Watchmen, Redcoats, and a Fire in the Old Boston Jail

January 29, 2023 23:00 - 54 minutes - 42.2 MB

In the 1760s, the town gaol (jail) where prisoners were held while awaiting trial was a cold, dark, and truly terrifying edifice on Queen Street, just up the hill from the Old State House. When a fire was discovered in the jailhouse just after 10pm on January 30, 1769, it briefly became the focal point of the long-simmering tensions between the town and the occupying British soldiers that would eventually culminate in the Boston Massacre. Who deliberately set the fire in the jail, and why w...

They Burnt Tolerable Well: In Search of Boston’s First Street Lamps

January 15, 2023 23:00 - 38 minutes - 30.8 MB

How can something as simple as streetlights transform a city? What can the Boston Massacre teach us about how dark the streets and alleyways of Boston were in the years before streetlights? How did the town decide to buy English oil lamps for the streets but fuel them with American whale oil? How did Boston’s very first street lamps survive a shipwreck and the Boston Tea Party, and who decided where they would be installed and how they would be maintained? In the era of climate change, wh...

Frank Hart: the First Black Ultrarunning Star, with Davy Crockett

January 01, 2023 23:00 - 1 hour - 59.4 MB

Frank Hart was a transplant to Boston who became a famous star in a sport that no longer really exists. Hart was a pedestrian, competing in grueling six-day races where the winner was the person who could run, walk, or even crawl the most miles by the time the clock ran out. He made his debut in the Bean Pot Tramp here in Boston, but he followed the money to races in New York, London, San Francisco, and beyond, becoming one of America’s first famous Black athletes. However, Frank Hart’s ca...

Madam & Miss Will Shake Their Heels Abroad: In Search of America’s First Concert

December 18, 2022 23:00 - 50 minutes - 39.5 MB

How did Boston come to host the first concert ever performed in what’s now the United States? Why was Boston resistant to the idea of a concert until almost 60 years after they became common in our ancestral city of London? When did Puritan Boston relax its rules and customs enough to allow public performances of secular music? Who brought the idea of charging for admission to a musical performance to colonial Boston, and what artistic legacy did he leave behind here? Listen now to find o...

A Christmas Eve Execution

December 04, 2022 23:00 - 51 minutes - 40.7 MB

Boston witnessed a grim Christmas in 1774, at the height of the British occupation. There had been redcoats in Boston for six years at that point, but after the Tea Party the previous December, the number of occupying troops skyrocketed, until there was nearly one British soldier for every adult male Bostonian. They were there to enforce the intolerable acts, and their presence only fanned the flames of rebellion in the colony. An increased Army presence in Boston always led to an increase...

Bonus: So about that lawsuit I keep talking about...

November 25, 2022 13:00 - 11 minutes - 9.08 MB

For a couple of months now, I’ve been hinting around about a lawsuit that HUB History has been caught up in. We have finally reached a settlement, so I can tell you a little more about what happened and why I’ve been so thirsty recently when I make my Patreon appeals. Speaking of which: http://patreon.com/HUBhistory/ or http://HUBhistory.com/support/

Thanksgiving Classics

November 20, 2022 23:00 - 48 minutes - 39 MB

For Thanksgiving, we are revisiting three classic episodes of HUB History. First, learn how the carol “Over the River and Through the Wood” started out as a Thanksgiving song, and why the songwriter’s extreme beliefs almost cost her livelihood. Then, hear how 19th century Boston got the vast flocks of turkeys needed for a traditional Thanksgiving to market, and then to the dining room table. And finally, prepare to be surprised when you hear that college students, even Harvard students and...

The Trolley of Death

November 06, 2022 23:00 - 1 hour - 50.3 MB

106 years ago this week, a terrible accident took place within sight of South Station. November 7, 1916 was election day in Boston, but it was an otherwise completely ordinary autumn afternoon for the passengers who packed themselves into streetcar number 393 of the Boston Elevated Railway for their evening commute through South Boston to South Station and Downtown Crossing. The everyday monotony of the trip home was shattered in an instant, when the streetcar crashed through the closed gat...

The Gentlemen's Mob

October 23, 2022 22:00 - 44 minutes - 34.1 MB

19th Century Boston was a riotous town, and in past episodes, we've examined everything from anti-draft riots to anti-catholic riots to anti-immigrant riots that took place in this city in the 19th century.  The incident on Washington Street on October 21, 1835 was different, however.  Where most of Boston’s 19th century riots erupted from street violence among and directed by the working classes, the mob’s attack on the Female Anti Slavery Society and abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison was ...

The Nazi Spy Ship

October 09, 2022 22:00 - 57 minutes - 46.2 MB

When it came steaming into Boston Harbor 81 years ago this week, the fishing trawler Buskø was escorted by a Coast Guard cutter, with armed guards watching over her crew. The next day’s headlines declared that the US had captured a Nazi spy ship manned by Gestapo agents who were setting up secret bases in Greenland, but the truth turned out to be more complicated. The Busko was sailing under the Norwegian flag and manned by a Norwegian crew, yet their peaceful voyage to deliver supplies to ...

The Nazis of Copley Square, with Professor Charles R Gallagher

September 25, 2022 21:47 - 1 hour - 78.5 MB

Professor Charles R. Gallagher’s recent book The Nazis of Copley Square: The Forgotten Story of the Christian Front is an in depth accounting of an organization that was wildly popular in Boston and beyond in the years before the US entered World War II. The Christian Front was deeply rooted in Catholic doctrines, but the value at its core was a form of anticommunism that members treated as interchangeable with antisemitism. Professor Gallagher will tell us how the group was founded and how...

Vilna Shul: Last Synagogue Standing

September 11, 2022 22:00 - 45 minutes - 34.2 MB

The West End and the North Slope of Beacon Hill have gone through extreme transformations over time. At the turn of the 20th century, these neighboring communities welcomed Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, though very few signs of those vibrant communities remain today. As the last of the purpose-built immigrant synagogues still standing in downtown Boston, the Vilna Shul is a unique building with a rich history of immigration, community, and the evolving American identity. Vilna Shul E...

Mutiny at Prospect Hill

August 28, 2022 22:00 - 51 minutes - 38.8 MB

During the summer of 1775, when the siege of Boston was at its peak, about 1500 Pennsylvania Riflemen answered a call for volunteers. By the time they reached the American lines in Cambridge, expectations for these troops were through the roof. Thanks in no small part to a publicity campaign engineered by John Adams, the New England officers commanding the troops around Boston believed that these fresh troops were capable of nearly everything. Their reputation was based in part upon the ri...

Old North and the Sea

August 14, 2022 22:00 - 54 minutes - 39 MB

Independent researcher TJ Todd recently gave a presentation about Old North Church and the sea.  TJ’s talk focuses on two notable sea captains, both of whom longtime listeners will remember from past episodes.  Captain Samuel Nicholson was the first, somewhat hapless, captain of the USS Constitution, and Captain Thomas Gruchy was the privateer who captured the carved cherubs that keep watch over the Old North sanctuary from the French.  Exploring the lives of these two famous captains will re...

Celebrating Cy Young

July 31, 2022 22:00 - 49 minutes - 37.7 MB

Cy Young Day, an exhibition game to celebrate the greatest pitcher of all time, was bracketed by days of sports celebration, from prizefighters in the squared circle to old time baseball in the Harbor Islands. Held at the Huntington Avenue Baseball Grounds on August 13, 1908, the Cy Young celebration drew a record crowd of 20,000 fans to the now long gone ballpark. By this time, Young had been playing professional baseball for 20 years, and he was starting to slow down. Nobody knew if the ...

Hostibus Primo Fugatis: The Washington Before Boston Medal

July 17, 2022 22:00 - 46 minutes - 37.5 MB

Back in 2015, I was at the Boston Public Library for a special exhibition called “We Are One,” which showcased items from their collection dating from the French and Indian War to the Constitutional Convention, showing how thirteen fractious colonies forged a single national identity. Libraries have a lot more than just books, of course. The BPL has everything from streaming movies and music to historic maps to medieval manuscripts to Leslie Jones’ photos to one remarkable gold medal. Some...

The North End Draft Riot

July 03, 2022 22:00 - 54 minutes - 41.3 MB

By the summer of 1863, the Civil War had dragged on longer than anyone thought at the outset, and leaders on both sides were desperate for more money, arms, manufactured goods, and most of all men. That growing desperation had inspired secretary of war Edwin Stanton to authorize Massachusetts governor John Andrew to start enlisting the nation’s first Black troops a few months before, including the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment, whose well deserved fame was refreshed with the...

BONUS: Boston before Roe

June 24, 2022 21:47 - 44 minutes - 35.4 MB

The US Supreme Court can't stop women from having abortions, but they can stop women from surviving abortions.

Lost on the Freedom Trail: The National Park Service and Urban Renewal in Postwar Boston

June 19, 2022 22:00 - 1 hour - 86.4 MB

In this episode, Seth Bruggeman discusses his recent book Lost on the Freedom Trail: The National Park Service and Urban Renewal in Postwar Boston. In it, he traces the development of the Freedom Trail and our Boston National Historic Park, examining the inevitable tension between driving tourism revenue to Boston and doing good history. He delves into the politics surrounding our local historic sites during the trauma of urban renewal in Boston and the violence of the busing era that follow...

250 is a Big Number

June 05, 2022 22:00 - 1 hour - 49.3 MB

For our 250th episode, we're trying something different.  This week, Aaron Minton from the Pilgrim's Digress podcast is turning the tables on your usual host, Jake.  And instead of asking the questions, this time Jake has to answer them. Full show notes: http://HUBhistory.com/250/ Support us: http://patreon.com/HUBhistory/ Aaron hosts Pilgrim's Digress: https://pilgrimsdigress.com/

Rebels at Sea: Privateering in the American Revolution, with Eric Jay Dolin

May 22, 2022 22:00 - 56 minutes - 45.1 MB

Eric Jay Dolin joins us this week to discuss his new book Rebels at Sea: Privateering in the American Revolution. We’ll discuss the role of privateers in the American Revolution, with a special focus on the many privateersmen who sailed out of Boston and New England. Privateers were civilian ships that were outfitted for war by optimistic investors, with volunteer crews who were willing to risk their lives fighting for a share of the profits. From the mouth of Boston Harbor to the very sho...

Sailing Alone Around the World, part 2

May 08, 2022 22:00 - 1 hour - 54 MB

This episode continues our story of Joshua Slocum and his solo circumnavigation of the globe. We’ll follow Captain Slocum as he builds the little sloop Spray and hatches a plan to make money for his family by sailing alone around the world for the first time.  We’ll follow his astounding path from Boston to the rock of Gibraltar, back to South America, and through the months long ordeal of the Straits of Magellan.  We’ll learn how he sailed thousands of miles across the South pacific to Samoa...

Sailing Alone Around the World, part 1

April 24, 2022 22:00 - 45 minutes - 36.8 MB

Captain Joshua Slocum’s adventure began in Boston, and it took him to nearly every corner of the world, nearly costing him his life on multiple occasions, and probably costing him his marriage. But in the end it earned him a place in history as the first person to circumnavigate the world completely alone, covering about 46,000 miles in three years, two months, and two days, without so much as a dog or a ship’s rat for company. The saga begins long before that legendary 1895 voyage, when th...

How two of Boston’s strangest shootings fueled the gun control debates of their times

April 10, 2022 22:00 - 1 hour - 63.6 MB

Two deadly murders were committed in and around Boston using military grade assault weapons, and both of them happened in the middle of a raging debate around gun control in this country. You might assume I am talking about an incident that happened after the school shootings in Parkland Florida in 2018 or Columbine in 1999, but I’m not. The first crime took place in the sleepy Boston suburb of Needham in 1934, when three gangsters used a stolen Tommy gun to rob the Needham savings bank and m...

Boston’s Long Wharf: A Path to the Sea, with Professor Kelly Kilcrease

March 27, 2022 22:00 - 1 hour - 56.9 MB

Professor Kelly Kilcrease of UNH Manchester joins us on the podcast this week to discuss his new book, Boston’s Long Wharf: A Path to the Sea. Today, Long Wharf is easily missed along Boston’s waterfront, but that’s because the rest of the city has grown up around what was once considered one of the great wonders of the modern world. From the beginning of the 18th century until the early 20th century, Long Wharf was the grand front entrance to our city, welcoming visitors, sea captains, im...

The Magician and the Medium Margery

March 13, 2022 22:00 - 51 minutes - 40.3 MB

This week we’re featuring a magician. And not just any magician, one of the most famous of all time, Harry Houdini. When he wasn’t busy escaping from locked jail cells and underwater safes, the Great Houdini made it a personal mission to unmask fraudulent mediums. In the early 20th century, mediums, spiritualists, and psychic practitioners of all kinds were undergoing a massive boom. With all the death associated with the Great War and the global flu pandemic, the public was desperate for...

Bonus: Fugitive Slave Act

February 28, 2022 13:00 - 1 hour - 47.1 MB

Our last Black History Month bonus episode is also our first. I'm sharing three classic episodes that were recorded in 2017, during HUB History's first Black History Month. These stories honor the Black Bostonians who led Boston’s resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act, making Boston a sanctuary from an unjust law. Original show notes: http://www.hubhistory.com/episodes/classics-boston-resists-fugitive-slave-act-episode-67/

The First Ladies Forum

February 27, 2022 23:00 - 48 minutes - 38 MB

This week, the show gets a visit from four veteran historical interpreters who have joined forces on a new collaborative project called The First Ladies Forum. Together, they portray four of America’s First Ladies, including both interpreters and First Ladies with ties to Boston. We’ll discuss the lives of Dolley Madison (portrayed by Judith Kalaora), Louisa Catherine Adams (portrayed by Laura Rocklyn), Mary Lincoln (portrayed by Laura Keyes), and Jacqueline Kennedy (portrayed by Leslie God...

Bonus: Reading David Walker

February 27, 2022 13:00 - 1 hour - 66.4 MB

In today's Black History Month bonus episode, we’re trying something a little bit different. This fall and winter, the Old North Church historic site has been hosting a series of conversations about radical Black abolitionist David Walker, and his book An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. As part of their Digital Speaker Series, education director Catherine Matthews moderated a discussion between artist, educator, and activist L’Merchie Frazier and playwright Peter Snoad on Decem...

Bonus: David Walker

February 26, 2022 13:00 - 1 hour - 48.7 MB

Today's Black History Month bonus episode focuses on David Walker. He was one of America’s first radical abolitionists, a free African American man who moved to Boston in 1824 to escape the danger and humiliations of life in the slave states. He became a prominent member of Black society in Boston before writing and distributing An Appeal to the Colored People of the World. This radical work called for the immediate abolition of slavery, and even advocated violence against whites to bring ab...

Bonus: Doctor Crumpler

February 25, 2022 13:00 - 1 hour - 51.5 MB

Today's Black History Month bonus episode profiles Dr. Rebecca Davis Lee Crumpler, the first Black woman to earn a medical degree in the US in 1864. Crumpler spent most of her adult life in Charlestown, Beacon Hill, and the Readville section of Hyde Park. She devoted her career to pediatrics and obstetrics, published the first medical text by an African American author, and made a point of caring for the marginalized, even moving to Virginia to tend to formerly enslaved people at the end of ...

Bonus: Slavery and Chocolate

February 24, 2022 13:00 - 2 hours - 108 MB

Today's Black History Month bonus episode revisits our interview with Dr. Jared Ross Hardesty, author of the new book Mutiny on the Rising Sun: a tragic tale of smuggling, slavery, and chocolate, which uncovers the dark web of interconnections between Old North Church, chocolate, and chattel slavery. Dr. Hardesty will explain why a reputable sea captain would become a smuggler, trafficking in illegal chocolate and enslaved Africans; the risks an 18th century Bostonian would take to provide h...

Bonus: Separate but Equal

February 23, 2022 13:00 - 37 minutes - 30.8 MB

This week's Black History Month bonus episode explores how the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts created the legal principle of "separate but equal" in the case of Roberts v Boston. When five year old Sarah Roberts was turned away from the schoolhouse door in Boston simply because of the color of her skin, her father sued the city in an attempt to force the public schools to desegregate, in compliance with a state law that had been intended to do just that years before. Unfortunately, ...

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