EPisodes: Teaching and Learning in the Digital Age
55 episodes - English - Latest episode: about 2 years ago - ★★★★ - 3 ratingsEPisodes aims to engage, equip and energise educators worldwide. We chat about all things education: teaching strategies (especially for literacy, numeracy, and languages), latest trends, and educational technology. To chat more, join our collaborative group linkedin.com/groups/8803378/. To learn more about our hosts, go to epforschool.com/en/education-redefined/
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Episodes
Fostering Student Agency in Maths - With Richard Andrew
March 25, 2022 02:00 - 1 hour - 51.6 MBBen Hilliam, one of EP’s Community Leaders chats to Richard Andrew, of Learn Implement Share. Richard and Ben have a wide ranging chat through issues that affect students in Maths classrooms. They talk about prevailing attitudes to maths, the default settings of maths teachers, how teachers can change their practice to engage students and how to sustain student agency. Ben is a former Maths teacher, who now works with teachers through Education perfect. Richard is also a former maths teacher...
Sarah Schubert Series Part 2: Being Okay with Not Being Okay
March 18, 2022 01:00 - 21 minutes - 14.9 MBHow to manage stress, struggle and being your authentic self on your professional journey.
Sarah Schubert Series Part 1: "This too will Pass" - Dealing with Uncertainty and Change
March 01, 2022 21:00 - 37 minutes - 25.8 MBIn our latest EPisodes podcast we share the first in a series of conversations between EP's Jimmy Bowens and Sarah Schubert. In this EPisode, recorded in December 2021, titled "This Too Will Pass" Sarah and Jimmy discuss how to deal with uncertainty and change and what can help to maintain focus in our professional lives.
41. Leading a Growing EdTech Company Through a Global Pandemic: Embracing Change and Supporting Education.
February 09, 2022 02:00 - 22 minutes - 15.8 MBIn this EPisode Jimmy Bowens chats with Education Perfect CEO Alex Burke about the journey EP has undertaken throughout the Pandemic so far, how it has been leading the team under the circumstances and what lies ahead for one of the fastest growing Edtech organisations in the world.
40. Loving Literature Series: Part 5
October 27, 2021 21:00 - 26 minutes - 18.3 MBSadly, today we bring you the final EPisode of the Loving Literature Series. In this EPisode Jimmy Bowens and Erini Christopoulos discuss the texts they love to hate to teach, be prepared, because there may be some controversy with their choices as both texts are much loved favourites! Again, this podcast is a great listen, it will have you laughing and engaged as you reflect upon teaching, texts, teenagers and even the limitations of modern pedagogy.
39. Loving Literature Series: Part 4
October 05, 2021 22:00 - 31 minutes - 21.4 MBFor the fourth instalment of the Loving Literature series Jimmy and Erini discuss the value in stepping outside of comfort zones in terms of the literature we typically favour in order to enrich our perspectives. Jimmy and Erini also reflect upon the fact that in 2021 reading a book can often mean listening to a book in the car or when we are out exercising, and discuss how we may even select specific genres based on the method or device we intend to use to explore a story.
39. Loving Literature Series: Part 4
October 05, 2021 22:00 - 31 minutes - 21.4 MBFor the fourth instalment of the Loving Literature series Jimmy and Erini discuss the value in stepping outside of comfort zones in terms of the literature we typically favour in order to enrich our perspectives. Jimmy and Erini also reflect upon the fact that in 2021 reading a book can often mean listening to a book in the car or when we are out exercising, and discuss how we may even select specific genres based on the method or device we intend to use to explore a story.
Special: Flourishing Schools: Building High Capacity Culture - Dr. Pete Stebbins
October 04, 2021 00:00 - 1 hour - 52.1 MBEducation Perfect's Head of English, Jimmy Bowens speaks with Dr. Pete Stebbins PhD about how we can make teacher and school performances lift, prevent burnout and adapt and learn in order to maximise student growth and learning. Dr. Stebbins explores the connections between teacher wellbeing, school leadership, administration and culture in relationship to capacity and collective teacher efficacy. Click the link below to join our Leaders Masterclass Series with Dr. Pete Stebbins for scho...
Loving Literature Series: Part 3
September 10, 2021 01:00 - 22 minutes - 15.8 MBToday we share the third instalment of the Loving Literature Series with Jimmy Bowens and Erini Christopoulos. In this episode Jimmy and Erini explore the literature that impacted them significantly during their university years. For Erini it was a dark Shakespeare play that set itself apart and changed her journey, for Jimmy it was Joyce that connected deeply with him and aligned with his artistic inclinations of that period. This episode is an extremely enjoyable listening experience as ...
38. Loving Literature Series: Part 3
September 10, 2021 01:00 - 22 minutes - 15.8 MBToday we share the third instalment of the Loving Literature Series with Jimmy Bowens and Erini Christopoulos. In this episode Jimmy and Erini explore the literature that impacted them significantly during their university years. For Erini it was a dark Shakespeare play that set itself apart and changed her journey, for Jimmy it was Joyce that connected deeply with him and aligned with his artistic inclinations of that period. This episode is an extremely enjoyable listening experience as ...
Loving Literature Series: Part 2
August 24, 2021 05:00 - 17 minutes - 12.2 MBIn the second part of the Loving Literature series Jimmy Bowens and Erini Christopoulos discuss the literature that had the biggest impact on their teenage years. For Jimmy he continued to be drawn to the dark and mysterious pull of the gothic genre. For Erini the dystopian genre stirred her own notion of social justice and political awareness. Get ready for some nostalgia because listening to this podcast will have you looking back fondly to your own teenage years and the literature that h...
37. Loving Literature Series: Part 2
August 24, 2021 05:00 - 17 minutes - 12.2 MBIn the second part of the Loving Literature series Jimmy Bowens and Erini Christopoulos discuss the literature that had the biggest impact on their teenage years. For Jimmy he continued to be drawn to the dark and mysterious pull of the gothic genre. For Erini the dystopian genre stirred her own notion of social justice and political awareness. Get ready for some nostalgia because listening to this podcast will have you looking back fondly to your own teenage years and the literature that h...
37. Loving Literature Series: Part 2
August 24, 2021 05:00 - 17 minutes - 12.2 MBIn the second part of the Loving Literature series Jimmy Bowens and Erini Christopoulos discuss the literature that had the biggest impact on their teenage years. For Jimmy he continued to be drawn to the dark and mysterious pull of the gothic genre. For Erini the dystopian genre stirred her own notion of social justice and political awareness. Get ready for some nostalgia because listening to this podcast will have you looking back fondly to your own teenage years and the literature that h...
Loving Literature Series: Part 1
August 11, 2021 00:00 - 16 minutes - 11.6 MBIn our current EPisodes series Jimmy Bowens and Erini Christopoulos discuss the literature that has shaped their passion for the written word. In the first EPisode of the series, Jimmy and Erini explore the first books they remember having a significant impact upon them as children and then discuss the books that opened the door for them becoming true independent readers.
36. Loving Literature Series: Part 1
August 11, 2021 00:00 - 16 minutes - 11.6 MBIn our current EPisodes series Jimmy Bowens and Erini Christopoulos discuss the literature that has shaped their passion for the written word. In the first EPisode of the series, Jimmy and Erini explore the first books they remember having a significant impact upon them as children and then discuss the books that opened the door for them becoming true independent readers.
36. Loving Literature Series: Part 1
August 11, 2021 00:00 - 16 minutes - 11.6 MBIn our current EPisodes series Jimmy Bowens and Erini Christopoulos discuss the literature that has shaped their passion for the written word. In the first EPisode of the series, Jimmy and Erini explore the first books they remember having a significant impact upon them as children and then discuss the books that opened the door for them becoming true independent readers.
Special: EP Global Championships - Insights and Opportunities across the Middle East
April 28, 2021 23:00 - 20 minutes - 13.8 MBIn today's special episode Education Perfect's UAE Teacher Consultant, Mel Musgrove and Dubai based Contractor Teacher Consultant, Ravi Sekhon discuss the 2021 Education Perfect Language Championships which took place across 7 days in March this year. Over 118 million questions were answered by over 200,000 students across the globe! An incredible event! "Students love a good competition! Who doesn't want to be the global leader, or have the title of the best school in the world against ...
34: Women in STEM: A Conversation with Lauren Pugh on the Value of Project Based Learning Experiences and the Importance of Curiosity and Exploration for Girls in Education.
April 28, 2021 02:00 - 31 minutes - 21.7 MBSTEM teacher and educator Lauren Pugh discusses with Jimmy Bowens her background, education and the way in which developing a curiosity mindset, Kiwi ingenuity and building confidence through the unpacking of answers has enabled her to become a successful woman in STEM. Lauren talks about the way in which assessment driven outcomes can hinder women or girls in STEM and can create a negative experience for early learners in the field, curiosity and exploration should be the priority as opp...
33: 2020 Reflections
December 16, 2020 02:00 - 34 minutes - 24 MB"We need to change our perspective of what success means in learning. Students also need to be told that it is okay to fail, that it is about the progression of your knowledge building and that we’re in this together!" Ben Hilliam, Jimmy Bowens and Philippa Kruger reflect on the last year. The highs and the lows of remote teaching and learning and how teachers around the world have coped with the stress of COVID-19. They also explore the ongoing impact of the global pandemic on our society ...
32: The Importance of Empathy and Humour
December 08, 2020 10:00 - 30 minutes - 21.1 MBPhilippa Kruger talks to William Connor, a producer of the animated series Lifeswap, a series of short animated Skype conversations between two young men Jörg, 27 from Münster, Germany and Duncan, 27 from Wellington, New Zealand. William works on the Lifeswap episodes with his husband, animator Steffan Kreft. In this episode William discusses what goes on behind the scenes with Lifeswap and also gives some advice for us at the end of what has been a crazy year. "As Language Teachers, [or] ...
31: Strategies to improve numeracy across primary and secondary schools
November 24, 2020 22:00 - 44 minutes - 30.6 MBBen Hilliam talks to Ian Stevens, the CEO and founder of Maths Adventures, a NZ based company that supports Maths teachers from primary to secondary schools. Ian has vast experience in Maths education, having been both a primary and secondary teacher, a lecturer, a Principal and the Team Leader of Numeracy at the Ministry of Education. Together they discuss the strategies around improving numeracy across all years of primary and secondary school, and the impact and limits of technology in ai...
30: The importance of relationships for nurturing creativity and expression
November 09, 2020 01:00 - 1 hour - 46.9 MBJimmy chats to Edwin McRae, LitRPG author, narrative designer and narrative paramedic for the video games industry. Edwin has been a screenwriter and story designer for over 13 years now. After four years of writing for television, he started with Grinding Gear Games in 2010 and became lead writer on the creative team that took their online RPG, Path of Exile, from 80,000 players to 20 million players. Together, Jimmy and Edwin discuss how to nurture creativity and expression in students, co...
29: What makes a good educator? With Mitch Center.
October 26, 2020 22:00 - 1 hour - 50.1 MBIn this EPisode, Jimmy chats with Mitch Center, a highly experienced educational leader. Mitch is the founder of Center Educational Consulting. Together they explore his experience working with educational leaders to support, evaluate and empower teachers. Mitch's song recommendation = Lose Yourself by Eminem You can contact Mitch at [email protected] To continue the conversation, join our Teaching and Learning in the Digital Age group on LinkedIn or Facebook.
28: Building futures and unleashing the potential of students with Cara Varian
September 29, 2020 01:00 - 49 minutes - 33.8 MBIn this EPisode, Jimmy chats with Cara Varian, Executive Director at the Harding Miller Education Foundation. The Foundation provides a unique scholarship program for high potential girls from low socioeconomic circumstances. "When you educate a girl you break the vicious cycle of poverty. Girls supported with equipment, money for resources and tutoring and coaching will be much more likely to complete high school and undertake further education after school." Scholarship application 2022 sc...
27: Teachers’ power against conspiracy theories with Alexandra Tselios
September 29, 2020 01:00 - 52 minutes - 35.8 MBIn this EPisode, Ben chats with Alexandra Tselios, founder and CEO of The Big Smoke Media Group. Together, they take a deep dive into the current abundance of conspiracy theories, how to deal with them when discussing them with students, the importance of education, and how robots are influencing education. To continue the conversation, join our Teaching and Learning in the Digital Age group on LinkedIn or Facebook.
26: Building futures and unleashing the potential of students with Cara Varian
September 29, 2020 01:00 - 49 minutes - 33.8 MBIn this EPisode, Jimmy chats with Cara Varian, Executive Director at the Harding Miller Education Foundation. The Foundation provides a unique scholarship program for high potential girls from low socioeconomic circumstances. "When you educate a girl you break the vicious cycle of poverty. Girls supported with equipment, money for resources and tutoring and coaching will be much more likely to complete high school and undertake further education after school." Scholarship application deadlin...
26: Disrupted learning and the voice of our students
September 09, 2020 22:00 - 1 hour - 50.5 MBIn this EPisode, Jimmy talks with Wren Gillett, student voice advocate at Pivot. "In order to be able to speak on behalf of others, you need to recognise that you have a voice yourself." Wren was part of VicSRC’s executive committee for close to three years, and chaired the executive team within this time. She has a been a youth champion for charitable organisations and has spoken at multiple conferences and events across Australia. Wren is currently in her first year of university majoring ...
25: Insights from a Western Academy of Beijing teacher. 5 months on.
August 17, 2020 05:00 - 28 minutes - 19.4 MBIn this EPisode, Philippa catches up again with Keri-Lee Beasley, the High School Learning & ICT Coach at the Western Academy of Beijing. This insightful EPisode is packed full of ideas to support effective blended learning. Keri-Lee shares measures put in place to nurture student and staff wellbeing. She also recommends specific tools you can use in your practice and how using data to inform and guide your next steps with students is key. Lastly, Keri-Lee shares her hopes for future changes...
24: From a flipped classroom to edtech
August 04, 2020 05:00 - 41 minutes - 28.4 MBIn this EPisode, Jimmy talks to Kelly Hollis, Global Head of Science at EP. Kelly shares her education journey, from taking all the opportunities that crossed her way, to maximising teaching efficiency by flipping her classroom, and creating a culture of sharing and collaboration. Kelly is a wonderful example of authenticity, positivity, and innovation. To continue the conversation, join our Teaching and Learning in the Digital Age group on LinkedIn and Facebook.
23: The importance of statistical literacy education in functional democracies
July 21, 2020 08:00 - 1 hour - 45 MBIn this EPisode, Ben Hilliam chats with Alethea Rea, PhD, who is a lecturer at Murdoch University in Perth, Australia. Together they discuss mathematics, statistics, and the importance of critical thinking and knowledge, especially in our post-truth era where opinion is often conflated with fact. It's a fascinating conversation which examines how public discourse can be improved through a better understanding of evidence.
22: Navigating confronting topics in a sensitive way
July 01, 2020 04:00 - 29 minutes - 20.2 MBIn this EPisode, Ben Hilliam, Global Head of Maths, chats with Beka Roest, HoD of Social Studies at St. Andrew's College in New Zealand. They talk about how to approach teaching the Holocaust in a sensitive, meaningful, and integrated way. And how understanding history is important to navigate our present. Book references: Hitler's Furies: German Women in the Nazi Killing Fields Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland Teaching Resources: Holocaust Centre ...
21: Energise and engage your languages class
June 16, 2020 01:00 - 34 minutes - 24 MB"Language is all about patterns and connections. Connecting ideas, connecting cultures, connecting structures of language." This EPisode is supercharged with practical ideas to support all macro skills - reading, writing, speaking, and listening. Philippa Kruger, Global Head of Languages, chats with Suzanne Hill (HoD Languages at The King's School in Sydney, Australia) and Adele Scott (Advisory Officer Professional - Curriculum + Assessment, PPTA, New Zealand) about all things languages! To...
20: Transforming self-perception, combating prejudice and building a positive future
June 02, 2020 02:00 - 59 minutes - 40.6 MBIn this EPisode Jimmy talks to Michael Arterberry, Executive Director of Youth Voices Center, Inc. Michael was awarded the Educator of the Year Award from Y-COP, the Youth Community Outreach Program in Mt. Vernon in 2016. They discuss motivation, encouragement, and dealing with trauma. Link to Michael's book - Be Encouraged - 250 days of motivation and encouragement. To continue the conversation, join our Teaching and Learning in the Digital Age group on LinkedIn and Facebook.
19: Teaching across the void - how teachers are coping with distance
May 18, 2020 22:00 - 59 minutes - 40.7 MBIn this EPisode, Jimmy talks to Amanda Bickerstaff, CEO of Pivot Professional Learning. They discuss the latest research around educator perspectives on the impact of COVID-19 on teaching and learning. Together, they explore the changes occurring in education at the moment, the importance of relationships, and the role of technology in learning. Will teaching change as a result of COVID-19? What role will technology play in our 'new normal'? How can we develop soft skills in students? And ho...
18: Empowerment through creative expression - How poetry and creative writing can cure us all
May 04, 2020 07:00 - 45 minutes - 31.1 MBIn this EPisode, Jimmy chats with Richard Short, Storyteller-in-Chief from The Story Factory. What a joy it is to listen to two delightfully passionate literacy advocates. Richard is an experienced secondary school teacher and in 2014, completed a Master of Creative Writing. His first book of poetry (written under the pseudonym Rico Craig), Bone Ink, won the 2017 Anne Elder Poetry Award (of the Australian National Literacy Awards), and was shortlisted for the 2018 Kenneth Slessor Prize. Toge...
Special: Capturing the essence of fun while teaching online
April 21, 2020 03:00 - 17 minutes - 12.3 MBWe’re wrapping up Season 2 of our EPisodes podcast with Philippa talking to Sue Pommarede, HoD of Languages at Woodford House, Havelock North in New Zealand. “The most important thing is to keep communication with the students”. Sue explains how she has adapted her teaching practice and how she incorporates and maximises a range of online tools. She shares her school’s plans for supporting teacher and student wellbeing, and emphasises the importance of maintaining the element of fun in lesso...
Special: Empathy, relationships and organisation during isolation
April 14, 2020 01:00 - 24 minutes - 16.8 MBEmpathy in education is so important, especially in these challenging times. In this EPisode, Jimmy chats to Paula Prouse, Leader of Pedagogy at EP. “I just have so much empathy and compassion for the educators who have been thrust into this online world”. Paula shares her wisdom on how to plan and manage remote teaching efficiently and explores the positive elements of teaching during isolation. Paula’s song recommendations: Active = Bakermat & Goldfish feat. Marie Plassard │Games Contin...
Special: Maintaining positive human interaction for effective remote communication
April 07, 2020 02:00 - 39 minutes - 27.2 MBIn this EPisode, Jimmy chats with Chris Higgins, Global Head of Humanities at EP. Together they discuss the importance of human connection, especially in these changing times. "What is truly important? It's human connection. It's the environment. It's these things that are fundamentally important to who we are as people". Chris shares ideas on how to set yourself up for success with each virtual (or otherwise) meeting. He discusses strategies such as goal setting and pre-contracting to set e...
Special: Wellbeing over work - how to balance teaching from home
April 05, 2020 00:00 - 20 minutes - 14.4 MBIn this EPisode, Jimmy chats with the wonderful Erini Limnatites, Head of English Australia and Teacher Consultant at EP. "We need to consider wellbeing above work". Erini shares her wisdom after transitioning from the classroom to working remotely three years ago. There are some real gold nuggets in this bite-sized conversation.
Special: 7 weeks of school closure. Insights from a teacher.
March 31, 2020 05:00 - 26 minutes - 18.3 MBIn this EPisode, Philippa chats to Keri-Lee Beasley, the High School Learning & ICT Coach at the Western Academy of Beijing, which has now been closed for 7 weeks due to COVID-19. Keri shares the systems and processes the school has put in place. She discusses different strategies and routines which have worked well in implementing a remote learning program and also talks about this challenging situation from a personal perspective as a parent. Useful links for educators: wab.edu/online-le...
Special: Keeping students engaged in a remote learning environment
March 24, 2020 06:00 - 22 minutes - 15.7 MBIn this EPisode, we share our wisdom and top tips for keeping students engaged in a remote learning environment. Philippa chats to Bec Ramsey, our EP teacher consultant in South Australia. Bec previously worked as a Pedagogy Coordinator at Open Access College in South Australia, the only online school in the area, and has a lot of experience in remote learning and distance education. Bec shares some tips and tricks for keeping students engaged in the remote learning environment.
Special: Minimising disruption to teaching and learning during Covid-19 closures
March 13, 2020 02:00 - 31 minutes - 21.5 MBIn this EPisode Special, Jimmy Bowens talks to Mary O'Bryon, assistant principal of Korea International School in Jeju, South Korea. As Covid-19 causes more and more organisations and institutions to close their doors Mary provides detailed insight into how her staff, community and local officials are dealing with the situation in order to minimise disruption to teaching and learning.
10: Practical ideas for the Chinese classroom
February 28, 2020 21:00 - 13 minutes - 8.99 MBIn this EPisode, Philippa chats to Faraday Pang, the Assistant Head of the Languages Faculty at Presbyterian Ladies College in Sydney. Faraday shares her experiences as a language teacher and provides some practical ideas to help with differentiation in the classroom. She also offers some suggestions on how to get students excited and keen to learn languages. Recommended reading: Jessy Tu - Chinese As A Second/Additional Language Teaching Station International Chinese Teaching Strategy Bo...
9: Empowerment, Collaboration and Feedback - Sandra Jenkins on leading successful schools
February 12, 2020 22:00 - 48 minutes - 33.2 MBIn this EPisode, Jimmy chats with Sandra Jenkins, a passionate and highly successful educator who champions e-learning, assessment for learning, and habits of mind. They discuss the importance of teachers' support, empowerment and positive leadership in order to foster confident, independent learners. Sandra has recently retired since recording this EPisode. As a business, we want to generate engaging discussions with sometimes challenging statements, the views expressed in interviews are...
8: Celebrating 'story' and developing positive relationships in ed tech
February 02, 2020 22:00 - 38 minutes - 26.6 MBJimmy chats to Alex Burke, a passionate storyteller, leader and innovator in the tech industry, and CEO of Education Perfect. Alex talks about first impressions of working in the education sector and how culture building is vital to developing good internal and external relationships around learning.
7: Dr. Jennifer Williams on teaching boldly and the meaning of literacy today
November 20, 2019 00:00 - 40 minutes - 27.8 MBIn this episode, Jimmy Bowens converses with Dr. Jennifer Williams, a professor of education at St. Leo University in Florida and author of Teach Boldly Using Edtech for Social Good. Jennifer is a self-confessed education activist and is an influential proponent of effective literacy strategies. Listeners, you are encouraged to pledge your support for the Children’s Rights to Read initiative co-authored by Jennifer on the International Literacy Association’s website and you are welcome to d...
7: Dr. Jennifer Williams on Teaching Boldly and the Meaning of Literacy Today
November 20, 2019 00:00 - 40 minutes - 27.8 MBIn this episode, Jimmy Bowens converses with Dr. Jennifer Williams, a professor of education at St. Leo University in Florida and author of Teach Boldly Using Edtech for Social Good. Jennifer is a self-confessed education activist and is an influential proponent of effective literacy strategies. Listeners, you are encouraged to pledge your support for the Children’s Rights to Read initiative co-authored by Jennifer on the International Literacy Association’s website and you are welcome to d...
6: Teaching sustainability and sustainable teaching
November 05, 2019 18:00 - 19 minutes - 13.6 MBPhilippa chats to Rachel Chisnall, a science and chemistry teacher at Taieri College in Dunedin, New Zealand. Rachel is also a Microsoft Innovative Educator Fellow and is part of the Microsoft Innovative Educator programme. Recently she has been involved in the Sustainable Development Goals Innovation Lab project, which is a network of educators that seek to improve education for students in rural areas or refugee camps of Africa. This EPisode looks at the power of collaboration and how conn...
5: Connected, curious and comical - one teacher's journey to becoming digitally connected & a literacy advocate.
October 22, 2019 21:00 - 53 minutes - 37 MBIn this EPisode, Jimmy chats with Sean Forde, Elementary EdTech Coach at Chadwick International in Songdo, South Korea and founder of World Read Alouds. This candid, humorous, and inspiring chat is jam-packed with ideas on how to incorporate technologies into your classroom, collaborate with other educators, and become globally connected. Sean brings the fun and the silly to the classroom in this uplifting EPisode, as well as being a passionate advocate for literacy and global connections.
4: Teacher First - The Importance of Wellbeing
October 07, 2019 21:00 - 1 hour - 44.6 MBSuskya Goodall is a researcher currently exploring the most effective drivers of teacher well-being. In this wide ranging conversation, Suskya reveals and unpacks what she has discovered about well-being practices through her research and recounts how her own teaching experiences led her to this field of expertise. Glossary: Hauora - Hauora is a Māori philosophy of health unique to New Zealand. The concept of well-being encompasses the physical, mental and emotional, social, and spiritual ...