We study compactifications of the 6d E-string theory, the theory of a small E_8 instanton, to four dimensions. In
particular we identify N=1 field theories in four dimensions corresponding to compactifications on arbitrary
Riemann surfaces with punctures and with arbitrary non-abelian flat connections as well as fluxes for the abelian
sub-groups of the E_8 flavor symmetry. This sheds light on emergent symmetries in a number of 4d N=1 SCFTs
(including the `E7 surprise' theory) as well as leads to new predictions for a large number of 4-dimensional
exceptional dualities and symmetries.